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Open-vocabulary keyword spotting (KWS) refers to the task of detecting words or terms within speech recordings, regardless of whether they were included in the training data. This paper introduces an open-vocabulary keyword spotting model…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-08 Yael Segal-Feldman , Ann R. Bradlow , Matthew Goldrick , Joseph Keshet

In this paper, we propose an attention-based end-to-end model for multi-channel keyword spotting (KWS), which is trained to optimize the KWS result directly. As a result, our model outperforms the baseline model with signal pre-processing…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Haitong Zhang , Junbo Zhang , Yujun Wang

Robustness against noise is critical for keyword spotting (KWS) in real-world environments. To improve the robustness, a speech enhancement front-end is involved. Instead of treating the speech enhancement as a separated preprocessing…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-21 Yue Gu , Zhihao Du , Hui Zhang , Xueliang Zhang

As advancements in technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Speaker Verification (SV), and Text-to-Speech (TTS) lead to increased usage of intelligent voice assistants, the demand for privacy and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Jianan Pan , Kejie Huang

Spoken keyword spotting (KWS) deals with the identification of keywords in audio streams and has become a fast-growing technology thanks to the paradigm shift introduced by deep learning a few years ago. This has allowed the rapid embedding…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Iván López-Espejo , Zheng-Hua Tan , John Hansen , Jesper Jensen

Sequence-to-sequence attention-based models integrate an acoustic, pronunciation and language model into a single neural network, which make them very suitable for multilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR). In this paper, we are…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-06-15 Shiyu Zhou , Shuang Xu , Bo Xu

Keyword spotting (KWS) is experiencing an upswing due to the pervasiveness of small electronic devices that allow interaction with them via speech. Often, KWS systems are speaker-independent, which means that any person --user or not--…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Iván López-Espejo , Zheng-Hua Tan , Jesper Jensen

Contextual biasing is essential to improving the recognition of rare and domain-specific words in an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. While numerous methods have been proposed in recent years, most of them focus on offline…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Kai-Chen Tsai , Tien-Hong Lo , Yun-Ting Sun , Berlin Chen

We propose a new method of generating meaningful embeddings for speech, changes to four commonly used meta learning approaches to enable them to perform keyword spotting in continuous signals and an approach of combining their outcomes into…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-02-26 Florian Lux , Ngoc Thang Vu

With the increasing prevalence of voice-activated devices and applications, keyword spotting (KWS) models enable users to interact with technology hands-free, enhancing convenience and accessibility in various contexts. Deploying KWS models…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-29 Jonathan Svirsky , Uri Shaham , Ofir Lindenbaum

Keyword Spotting (KWS) systems with small footprint models deployed on edge devices face significant accuracy and robustness challenges due to domain shifts caused by varying noise and recording conditions. To address this, we propose a…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Prakash Dhungana , Sayed Ahmad Salehi

Keyword Spotting (KWS) enables speech-based user interaction on smart devices. Always-on and battery-powered application scenarios for smart devices put constraints on hardware resources and power consumption, while also demanding high…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-05 Simon Mittermaier , Ludwig Kürzinger , Bernd Waschneck , Gerhard Rigoll

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) driven Keyword Spotting (KWS) technologies has revolutionized human to machine interaction. Yet, the challenge of end-to-end energy efficiency, memory footprint and system complexity of current…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-28 Jie Lei , Tousif Rahman , Rishad Shafik , Adrian Wheeldon , Alex Yakovlev , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Fahim Kawsar , Akhil Mathur

In this paper, we investigate the benefit that off-the-shelf word embedding can bring to the sequence-to-sequence (seq-to-seq) automatic speech recognition (ASR). We first introduced the word embedding regularization by maximizing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Alexander H. Liu , Tzu-Wei Sung , Shun-Po Chuang , Hung-yi Lee , Lin-shan Lee

In this work, we introduce a simple yet efficient post-processing model for automatic speech recognition (ASR). Our model has Transformer-based encoder-decoder architecture which "translates" ASR model output into grammatically and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Oleksii Hrinchuk , Mariya Popova , Boris Ginsburg

In the paper we present an architecture of a keyword spotting (KWS) system that is based on modern neural networks, yields good performance on various types of speech data and can run very fast. We focus mainly on the last aspect and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-09 Jan Nouza , Petr Cerva , Jindrich Zdansky

Keyword spotting (KWS) is a crucial function enabling the interaction with the many ubiquitous smart devices in our surroundings, either activating them through wake-word or directly as a human-computer interface. For many applications, KWS…

Accurate recognition of rare and new words remains a pressing problem for contextualized Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. Most context-biasing methods involve modification of the ASR model or the beam-search decoding algorithm,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-12 Andrei Andrusenko , Aleksandr Laptev , Vladimir Bataev , Vitaly Lavrukhin , Boris Ginsburg

Sequence-to-sequence models, such as attention-based models in automatic speech recognition (ASR), are typically trained to optimize the cross-entropy criterion which corresponds to improving the log-likelihood of the data. However, system…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-12-06 Rohit Prabhavalkar , Tara N. Sainath , Yonghui Wu , Patrick Nguyen , Zhifeng Chen , Chung-Cheng Chiu , Anjuli Kannan

We develop streaming keyword spotting systems using a recurrent neural network transducer (RNN-T) model: an all-neural, end-to-end trained, sequence-to-sequence model which jointly learns acoustic and language model components. Our models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-27 Yanzhang He , Rohit Prabhavalkar , Kanishka Rao , Wei Li , Anton Bakhtin , Ian McGraw