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The origin of the bulk of cosmic rays (CRs) observed at Earth is the topic of a century long investigation, paved with successes and failures. From the energetic point of view, supernova remnants (SNRs) remain the most plausible sources of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-12-09 Pasquale Blasi

Cosmic rays (CRs) are known to play a key role in many astrophysical environments: they can modify shock dynamics, influence the thermochemistry and the ionization of the interstellar medium, regulate galaxy mass content by driving galactic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-25 Nimatou-Seydi Diallo , Yohan Dubois , Alexandre Marcowith , Joki Rosdahl , Benoît Commerçon

We investigate how cosmic rays (CRs) affect thermal and hydrostatic stability of circumgalactic (CGM) gas, in simulations with both CR streaming and diffusion. Local thermal instability can be suppressed by CR-driven entropy mode…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-05-25 Tsun Hin Navin Tsung , S. Peng Oh , Chad Bustard

The $\gamma$-ray emission of star-forming (SF) galaxies is attributed to hadronic interactions of cosmic ray (CR) protons with the interstellar gas and contributions from CR electrons via bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton (IC) scattering.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-26 Maria Werhahn , Christoph Pfrommer , Philipp Girichidis , Georg Winner

Many state-of-the-art galaxy simulations featuring traditional feedback modes have significant challenges producing enough extended soft X-ray ($\sim 0.5-2$ keV) emission at R $\sim 0.5-1$ R$_{\rm vir}$ observed around galaxies with stellar…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-01-21 Sam B. Ponnada , Philip F. Hopkins , Yue Samuel Lu , Emily M. Silich , Iryna S. Butsky , Dusan Keres

Recent cosmological hydrodynamical simulations are able to reproduce numerous statistical properties of galaxies that are consistent with observational data. Yet, the adopted subgrid models strongly affect the simulation outcomes, limiting…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-11-02 Hui Li , Mark Vogelsberger , Federico Marinacci , Laura Sales , Paul Torrey

What main mechanisms set the star formation rate (SFR) of galaxies? This PhD thesis is a quest into the influences of gas and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) on the SFR, with particular focus on massive galaxies at z~2. First, a new code if…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-01-11 Karen P. Olsen

We present numerical simulations aimed at exploring the effects of varying the sub-grid physics parameters on the evolution and the properties of the galaxy formed in a low-mass dark matter halo (~7 times 10^10 Msun/h at redshift z=0). The…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Pedro Colin , Vladimir Avila-Reese , Enrique Vazquez-Semadeni , Octavio Valenzuela , Daniel Ceverino

Cosmic rays (CRs) play a pivotal role in shaping the thermal and dynamical properties of astrophysical environments, such as galaxies and galaxy clusters. Recent observations suggest a stronger confinement of CRs in certain astrophysical…

Supernova remnants (SNRs) have long been suspected to be the primary sources of Galactic cosmic rays. Over the past decades, great strides have been made in the modelling of particle acceleration, magnetic field amplification, and escape…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-02-18 Anton Stall , Chun Khai Loo , Philipp Mertsch

We study the formation of galactic outflows from supernova explosions (SNe) with the moving-mesh code AREPO in a stratified column of gas with a surface density similar to the Milky Way disk at the solar circle. We compare different…

Galaxy formation simulations demonstrate that cosmic-ray (CR) feedback may be important in the launching of galactic-scale winds. CR protons dominate the bulk of the CR population, yet most observational constraints of CR feedback come from…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-11-07 Laura A. Lopez , Katie Auchettl , Tim Linden , Alberto D. Bolatto , Todd A. Thompson , Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

There is mounting evidence that long duration gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by ultra-relativistic jets of ordinary matter which are ejected in core collapse supernova (SN) explosions. Such jets are extremely efficient cosmic ray (CR)…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-11-15 Arnon Dar

Supernova remnants (SNRs) have long been suspected to be the primary sources of Galactic cosmic rays. Over the past decades, great strides have been made in the modelling of particle acceleration, magnetic field amplification, and escape…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-25 Anton Stall , Chun Khai Loo , Philipp Mertsch

Cosmic rays (CRs) are the primary driver of ionization in star forming molecular clouds (MCs). Despite their potential impacts on gas dynamics and chemistry, no simulations of star cluster formation following the creation of individual…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-07-26 Margot Fitz Axen , Stella Offner , Phillip F. Hopkins , Mark R. Krumholz , Michael Y. Grudic

We investigate the dynamical interaction between cosmic rays (CRs) and the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) using numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations with a two-moment CR solver and TIGRESS simulations of star-forming…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-01-10 Lucia Armillotta , Eve C. Ostriker , Chang-Goo Kim , Yan-Fei Jiang

We explore the impact of diffusive cosmic rays (CRs) on the evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM) under varying assumptions of supernova explosion environment. In practice, we systematically vary the relative fractions of supernovae…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-12-28 Christine M. Simpson , Rüdiger Pakmor , Christoph Pfrommer , Simon C. O. Glover , Rowan Smith

We explore the impact of a cosmic ray (CR) background generated by supernova explosions from the first stars on star-forming metal-free gas in a minihalo at $z\sim25$. Starting from cosmological initial conditions, we use the smoothed…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-07-27 Jacob A. Hummel , Athena Stacy , Volker Bromm

We use hydrodynamical simulations of two Milky Way-mass galaxies to demonstrate the impact of cosmic-ray pressure on the kinematics of cool and warm circumgalactic gas. Consistent with previous studies, we find that cosmic-ray pressure can…

Cosmic-ray (CR) streaming instability (CRSI) is believed to play an important role in CR transport and CR feedback to galaxies. It drives the growth of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves that scatter CRs, and leads to energy/momentum exchange…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-06-11 Shuzhe Zeng , Xue-Ning Bai , Xiaochen Sun
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