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Evaluating structured-information extraction from historical documents at scale requires high-precision ground-truth annotations, yet traditional manual labeling is expensive and fully automated pipelines built on large language models are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yi Ren

Enterprise documents such as forms, invoices, receipts, reports, contracts, and other similar records, often carry rich semantics at the intersection of textual and spatial modalities. The visual cues offered by their complex layouts play a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Dongsheng Wang , Natraj Raman , Mathieu Sibue , Zhiqiang Ma , Petr Babkin , Simerjot Kaur , Yulong Pei , Armineh Nourbakhsh , Xiaomo Liu

This report addresses the challenge of limited labeled datasets for developing legal recommender systems, particularly in specialized domains like labor disputes. We propose a new approach leveraging the co-citation of legal articles within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Chao-Lin Liu , Po-Hsien Wu , Yi-Ting Yu

Humans can learn to solve new tasks by inducing high-level strategies from example solutions to similar problems and then adapting these strategies to solve unseen problems. Can we use large language models to induce such high-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Weijia Xu , Nebojsa Jojic , Nicolas Le Roux

With a strong motivational background in search engine optimization the amount of structured data on the web is growing rapidly. The main search engine providers are promising great increase in visibility through annotation of the web…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Elias Kärle , Dieter Fensel

Manually annotated datasets are crucial for training and evaluating Natural Language Processing models. However, recent work has discovered that even widely-used benchmark datasets contain a substantial number of erroneous annotations. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Leon Weber , Barbara Plank

Software developers maintain extensive mental models of code they produce and its context, often relying on memory to retrieve or reconstruct design decisions, edge cases, and debugging experiences. These missing links and data obstruct…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Edward Misback , Erik Vank , Zachary Tatlock , Steven Tanimoto

Annotating data via crowdsourcing is time-consuming and expensive. Due to these costs, dataset creators often have each annotator label only a small subset of the data. This leads to sparse datasets with examples that are marked by few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-06 London Lowmanstone , Ruyuan Wan , Risako Owan , Jaehyung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is widely employed to ground responses to queries on domain-specific documents. But do RAG implementations leave out important information when answering queries that need an integrated analysis of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Jingwei Ni , Tobias Schimanski , Meihong Lin , Mrinmaya Sachan , Elliott Ash , Markus Leippold

Modeling complex subjective tasks in Natural Language Processing, such as recognizing emotion and morality, is considerably challenging due to significant variation in human annotations. This variation often reflects reasonable differences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Georgios Chochlakis , Peter Wu , Arjun Bedi , Marcus Ma , Kristina Lerman , Shrikanth Narayanan

This study presents a modular, multi-agent system for the automated review of highly structured enterprise business documents using AI agents. Unlike prior solutions focused on unstructured texts or limited compliance checks, this framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Sudip Dasgupta , Himanshu Shankar

Large language models (e.g., GPT-4) are uniquely capable of producing highly rated text simplification, yet current human evaluation methods fail to provide a clear understanding of systems' specific strengths and weaknesses. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 David Heineman , Yao Dou , Mounica Maddela , Wei Xu

The growing demand for AI training data has transformed data annotation into a global industry, but traditional approaches relying on human annotators are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to inconsistent quality. We propose…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Yifan Wang , David Stevens , Pranay Shah , Wenwen Jiang , Miao Liu , Xu Chen , Robert Kuo , Na Li , Boying Gong , Daniel Lee , Jiabo Hu , Ning Zhang , Bob Kamma

Annotating datasets for question answering (QA) tasks is very costly, as it requires intensive manual labor and often domain-specific knowledge. Yet strategies for annotating QA datasets in a cost-effective manner are scarce. To provide a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Bernhard Kratzwald , Xiang Yue , Huan Sun , Stefan Feuerriegel

Argumentation Mining addresses the challenging tasks of identifying boundaries of argumentative text fragments and extracting their relationships. Fully automated solutions do not reach satisfactory accuracy due to their insufficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Fabian Sperrle , Rita Sevastjanova , Rebecca Kehlbeck , Mennatallah El-Assady

Producing the required amounts of training data for machine learning and NLP tasks often involves human annotators doing very repetitive and monotonous work. In this paper, we present and evaluate our novel annotation framework DALPHI,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Robert Greinacher , Franziska Horn

The advancement of Document Intelligence (DI) demands large-scale, high-quality training data, yet manual annotation remains a critical bottleneck. While data generation methods are evolving rapidly, existing surveys are constrained by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Dehao Ying , Fengchang Yu , Haihua Chen , Changjiang Jiang , Yurong Li , Wei Lu

This work proposes a strategy for training models while annotating data named Intelligent Annotation (IA). IA involves three modules: (1) assisted data annotation, (2) background model training, and (3) active selection of the next…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Franco Marchesoni-Acland , Gabriele Facciolo

We introduce Seshat, a new, simple and open-source software to efficiently manage annotations of speech corpora. The Seshat software allows users to easily customise and manage annotations of large audio corpora while ensuring compliance…

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) has become one of the leading research topics of the last decade. As sensing technologies have matured and their economic costs have declined, a host of novel applications, e.g., in healthcare, industry,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Florenc Demrozi , Cristian Turetta , Fadi Al Machot , Graziano Pravadelli , Philipp H. Kindt