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We summarize the basics of the loop representation of quantum gravity and describe the main aspects of the formalism, including its latest developments, in a reorganized and consistent form. Recoupling theory, in its graphical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-09-09 Roberto De Pietri , C. Rovelli

Loop Quantum Gravity is the major candidate of quantum gravity. It is interesting to consider its continuum limit, which corresponds to the classical limit. We consider the Gaussian weave state, which describes a semi-classical picture. We…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Tomoya Tsushima

The idea that symmetries simplify or reduce the complexity of a system has been remarkably fruitful in physics, and especially in quantum mechanics. On a mathematical level, symmetry groups single out a certain structure in the Hilbert…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-16 Oleg Kabernik

Unlike standard quantum mechanics, dynamical reduction models assign no particular a priori status to `measurement processes', `apparata', and `observables', nor self-adjoint operators and positive operator valued measures enter the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 A. Bassi , G. C. Ghirardi , D. G. M. Salvetti

A hyperlink is a finite set of non-intersecting simple closed curves in $\mathbb{R}^4 \equiv \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^3$, each curve is either a matter or geometric loop. We consider an equivalence class of such hyperlinks, up to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-05 Adrian P. C. Lim

The ingoing and outgoing null expansions associated to a spatial 2-sphere are quantized in the spherically symmetric model of loop quantum gravity. It is shown that the resulting expansion operators are self-adjoint in the kinematical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-22 Xiaotian Fei , Gaoping Long , Yongge Ma , Cong Zhang

A new alternative volume operator is constructed for loop quantum gravity by using the so-called cotriad operators as building blocks. It is shown that the new volume operator shares the same qualitative properties with the standard volume…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-04 Jinsong Yang , Yongge Ma

In the loop approach to the quantisation of gravity, one uses a Hilbert space which is too singular for some operators to be realised as derivatives. This is usually addressed by instead using finite difference operators at the Planck…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-12-17 Robert C. Helling

Vielbeins are necessary when coupling General Relativity (GR) to fermionic matter. This enhances the gauge group of GR to include local Lorentz transformations. In view of a reduced phase space formulation of quantum gravity, in this work…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-12 Thomas Thiemann

We compute curvature-dependent graviton correlation functions and couplings as well as the full curvature potential $f(R)$ in asymptotically safe quantum gravity coupled to scalars. The setup is based on a systematic vertex expansion about…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-12-05 Benjamin Bürger , Jan M. Pawlowski , Manuel Reichert , Bernd-Jochen Schaefer

We investigate the spectral properties of the volume operator in quantum gravity in the framework of a previously introduced lattice discretization. The presence of a well-defined scalar product in this approach permits us to make definite…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 R. Loll

We construct the regularised Wheeler-De Witt operator demanding that the algebra of constraints of quantum gravity is anomaly free. We find that for a subset of all wavefunctions being integrals of scalar densities this condition can be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-15 A. Błaut , J. Kowalski-Glikman

Recent arguments based on the quantum extremal surface formula or the gravitational path integral have given fairly compelling evidence that the Hilbert space of quantum gravity in a closed universe is one-dimensional and real. How can this…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-01-20 Daniel Harlow , Mykhaylo Usatyuk , Ying Zhao

We consider the coupling between three dimensional gravity with zero cosmological constant and massive spinning point particles. First, we study the classical canonical analysis of the coupled system. Then, we go to the Hamiltonian…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Karim Noui , Alejandro Perez

The phenomenology for the deep spatial geometry of loop quantum gravity is discussed. In the context of a simple model of an atom of space, it is shown how purely combinatorial structures can affect observations. The angle operator is used…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-03 Seth A. Major

After motivating why the study of asymptotically flat spaces is important in loop quantum gravity, we review the extension of the standard framework of this theory to the asymptotically flat sector based on the GNS construction. In…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Matthias Arnsdorf

A phenomenology for the deep spatial geometry of loop quantum gravity is introduced. In the context of a simple model, an atom of space, it is shown how purely combinatorial structures can affect observations. The angle operator is used to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-21 Seth A. Major

We study a generalized version of the Hamiltonian constraint operator in nonperturbative loop quantum gravity. The generalization is based on admitting arbitrary irreducible SU(2) representations in the regularization of the operator, in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 Marcus Gaul , Carlo Rovelli

The search for a quantum theory of gravity is one of the major challenges facing theoretical physics today. While no complete theory exists, a promising avenue of research is the loop quantum gravity approach. In this approach, quantum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Seifert

On the background of the Born-Oppenheimer (adiabatic) approximation, we investigate the geometrical and topological structure in the theory of quantum gravity by using the path integral method and halfclassical approximation. As we know,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-24 Ze-Lin Zhang , Ming-Feng Chen , Huai-Zhi Wu , Zhen-Biao Yang