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Recent work has shown that deep reinforcement-learning agents can learn to follow language-like instructions from infrequent environment rewards. However, this places on environment designers the onus of designing language-conditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Dzmitry Bahdanau , Felix Hill , Jan Leike , Edward Hughes , Arian Hosseini , Pushmeet Kohli , Edward Grefenstette

The surge in popularity of large language models (LLMs) has opened doors for new approaches to the creation of interactive agents. However, managing and interpreting the temporal behavior of such agents over the course of a potentially…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Raven Rothkopf , Hannah Tongxin Zeng , Mark Santolucito

Safety is critical to broadening the application of reinforcement learning (RL). Often, we train RL agents in a controlled environment, such as a laboratory, before deploying them in the real world. However, the real-world target task might…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Qisong Yang , Thiago D. Simão , Nils Jansen , Simon H. Tindemans , Matthijs T. J. Spaan

Text-based games are suitable test-beds for designing agents that can learn by interaction with the environment in the form of natural language text. Very recently, deep reinforcement learning based agents have been successfully applied for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-21 Ghulam Ahmed Ansari , Sagar J P , Sarath Chandar , Balaraman Ravindran

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance in language-centric tasks. However, in agentic settings, LLMs often struggle to anticipate action consequences and adapt to environment dynamics, highlighting the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Xiao Yu , Baolin Peng , Ruize Xu , Yelong Shen , Pengcheng He , Suman Nath , Nikhil Singh , Jiangfeng Gao , Zhou Yu

In this work we address the problem of training a Reinforcement Learning agent to follow multiple temporally-extended instructions expressed in Linear Temporal Logic in sub-symbolic environments. Previous multi-task work has mostly relied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Matteo Pannacci , Andrea Fanti , Elena Umili , Roberto Capobianco

In many real-world applications of control system and robotics, linear temporal logic (LTL) is a widely-used task specification language which has a compositional grammar that naturally induces temporally extended behaviours across tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Duo Xu , Faramarz Fekri

The ability to learn optimal control policies in systems where action space is defined by sentences in natural language would allow many interesting real-world applications such as automatic optimisation of dialogue systems. Text-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-09 Mikuláš Zelinka

Large Language Models demonstrate strong reasoning and generation abilities, yet their behavior in multi-turn tasks often lacks reliability and verifiability. We present a task completion framework that enables LLM-based agents to act under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Gonca Gürsun

Reinforcement learning (RL), particularly in sparse reward settings, often requires prohibitively large numbers of interactions with the environment, thereby limiting its applicability to complex problems. To address this, several prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Prasoon Goyal , Scott Niekum , Raymond J. Mooney

Developing a generalist agent is a longstanding objective in artificial intelligence. Previous efforts utilizing extensive offline datasets from various tasks demonstrate remarkable performance in multitasking scenarios within Reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Yonggang Jin , Ge Zhang , Hao Zhao , Tianyu Zheng , Jarvi Guo , Liuyu Xiang , Shawn Yue , Stephen W. Huang , Zhaofeng He , Jie Fu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a general framework for adaptive control, which has proven to be efficient in many domains, e.g., board games, video games or autonomous vehicles. In such problems, an agent faces a sequential decision-making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Olivier Buffet , Olivier Pietquin , Paul Weng

Teaching a deep reinforcement learning (RL) agent to follow instructions in multi-task environments is a challenging problem. We consider that user defines every task by a linear temporal logic (LTL) formula. However, some causal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Duo Xu , Faramarz Fekri

Reward design is a key component of deep reinforcement learning, yet some tasks and designer's objectives may be unnatural to define as a scalar cost function. Among the various techniques, formal methods integrated with DRL have garnered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jiangwei Wang , Shuo Yang , Ziyan An , Songyang Han , Zhili Zhang , Rahul Mangharam , Meiyi Ma , Fei Miao

While deep reinforcement learning techniques have led to agents that are successfully able to learn to perform a number of tasks that had been previously unlearnable, these techniques are still susceptible to the longstanding problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Nicholas Waytowich , Sean L. Barton , Vernon Lawhern , Garrett Warnell

This paper provides a roadmap that explores the question of how to imbue learning agents with the ability to understand and generate contextually relevant natural language in service of achieving a goal. We hypothesize that two key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Mark O. Riedl

Reward engineering is an important aspect of reinforcement learning. Whether or not the user's intentions can be correctly encapsulated in the reward function can significantly impact the learning outcome. Current methods rely on manually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-28 Xiao Li , Yao Ma , Calin Belta

Agentic reinforcement learning increasingly relies on experience-driven scaling, yet real-world environments remain non-adaptive, limited in coverage, and difficult to scale. World models offer a potential way to improve learning efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yixia Li , Hongru Wang , Jiahao Qiu , Zhenfei Yin , Dongdong Zhang , Cheng Qian , Zeping Li , Pony Ma , Guanhua Chen , Heng Ji

Humans can flexibly generalize knowledge across domains by leveraging structured relational representations. While prior research has shown how such representations support analogical reasoning, less is known about how they are recruited to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guillermo Puebla , Leonidas A. A. Doumas

Tasks with complex temporal structures and long horizons pose a challenge for reinforcement learning agents due to the difficulty in specifying the tasks in terms of reward functions as well as large variances in the learning signals. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Xiao Li , Yao Ma , Calin Belta