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Given a gene tree and a species tree, ancestral configurations represent the combinatorially distinct sets of gene lineages that can reach a given node of the species tree. They have been introduced as a data structure for use in the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2016-10-25 Filippo Disanto , Noah A. Rosenberg

Null models of binary phylogenetic trees are useful for testing hypotheses on real world phylogenies. In this paper we consider phylogenies as binary trees without edge lengths together with a sampling measure and encode them as algebraic…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-06-17 Josué Nussbaumer , Anita Winter

A subtree can be induced in a natural way by a subset of leaves of a rooted tree. We study the number of nonisomorphic such subtrees induced by leaves (leaf-induced subtrees) of a rooted tree with no vertex of outdegree 1 (topological…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-06-30 Audace A. V. Dossou-Olory , Ignatius Boadi

Phylogenetic networks generalize phylogenetic trees, and have been introduced in order to describe evolution in the case of transfer of genetic material between coexisting species. There are many classes of phylogenetic networks, which can…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-13 Mathilde Bouvel , Philippe Gambette , Marefatollah Mansouri

In this paper, we give a simple combinatorial explanation of a formula of A. Postnikov relating bicolored rooted trees to bicolored binary trees. We also present generalized formulas for the number of labeled k-ary trees, rooted labeled…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Seunghyun Seo

We investigate the number of permutations that occur in random labellings of trees. This is a generalisation of the number of subpermutations occurring in a random permutation. It also generalises some recent results on the number of…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-12-22 Michael Albert , Cecilia Holmgren , Tony Johansson , Fiona Skerman

In 1998, B\"{o}cker and Dress gave a 1-to-1 correspondence between symbolically dated rooted trees and symbolic ultrametrics. We consider the corresponding problem for unrooted trees. More precisely, given a tree $T$ with leaf set $X$ and a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-01-19 Stefan Grünewald , Yangjing Long , Yaokun Wu

We study the enumeration of spinal tree-child phylogenetic networks, a rigid family of tree-child networks in which all internal vertices lie on a single root--to--leaf path. We provide two complementary combinatorial frameworks. First, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Pau Vives , Anna de Mier , Gabriel Cardona , Joan Carles Pons

A compacted binary tree is a directed acyclic graph encoding a binary tree in which common subtrees are factored and shared, such that they are represented only once. We show that the number of compacted binary trees of size $n$ grows…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-04 Andrew Elvey Price , Wenjie Fang , Michael Wallner

Arthur Cayley famously proved that there are n to the power n-2 labeled trees on n vertices. Here we go much further and show how to enumerate, fully automatically, labeled trees such that every vertex has a number of neighbors that belongs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-22 Shalosh B. Ekhad , Doron Zeilberger

Rooted phylogenetic networks allow biologists to represent evolutionary relationships between present-day species by revealing ancestral speciation and hybridization events. A convenient and well-studied class of such networks are…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-02 Qiang Zhang , Mike Steel

We present families of combinatorial classes described as trees with nodes that can carry one of two types of "flowers": integer partitions or integer compositions. Two parameters on the flowers of trees will be considered: the number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-05 Ricardo Gómez Aíza

We obtain a generating function for the degree sequences and colors of rooted multipartite labeled series-reduced trees. As an application of this result, we determine the number of symbolic ultrametrics (introduced by B\"ocker and Dress)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-22 Medet Jumadildayev

A binary phylogenetic network on a taxon set $X$ is a rooted acyclic digraph in which the degree of each nonleaf node is three and its leaves (i.e.degree-one nodes) are uniquely labeled with the taxa of $X$. It is tree-child if each nonleaf…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-07-07 Yufeng Wu , Louxin Zhang

A number of hook formulas and hook summation formulas have previously appeared, involving various classes of trees. One of these classes of trees is rooted trees with labelled vertices, in which the labels increase along every chain from…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-13 Valentin Féray , I. P. Goulden , A. Lascoux

Counting non-isomorphic tree-like multigraphs that include self-loops and multiple edges is an important problem in combinatorial enumeration, with applications in chemical graph theory, polymer science, and network modeling. Traditional…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Naveed Ahmed Azam , Seemab Hayat

As a unification of increasing trees and plane trees, the weakly increasing trees labeled by a multiset was introduced by Lin-Ma-Ma-Zhou in 2021. Motived by some symmetries in plane trees proved recently by Dong, Du, Ji and Zhang, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-14 Yang Li , Zhicong Lin

We study several enumeration problems connected to linear trees, a broad class which includes stars, paths, generalized stars, and caterpillars. We provide generating functions for counting the number of linear trees on $n$ vertices,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-23 Tanay Wakhare , Eric Wityk , Charles R. Johnson

For a labeled tree on the vertex set $\set{1,2,\ldots,n}$, the local direction of each edge $(i\,j)$ is from $i$ to $j$ if $i<j$. For a rooted tree, there is also a natural global direction of edges towards the root. The number of edges…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-22 Heesung Shin , Jiang Zeng

Several hook summation formulae for binary trees have appeared recently in the literature. In this paper we present an analogous formula for unordered increasing trees of size r, which involves r parameters. The right-hand side can be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-04-22 Valentin Féray , I. P. Goulden