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Transformer inference in machine-learning-as-a-service (MLaaS) raises privacy concerns for sensitive user inputs. Prior secure solutions that combine fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) and secure multiparty computation (MPC) are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yufan Zhu , Chao Jin , Khin Mi Mi Aung , Xiaokui Xiao

Due to the rising privacy concerns on sensitive client data and trained models like Transformers, secure multi-party computation (MPC) techniques are employed to enable secure inference despite attendant overhead. Existing works attempt to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Haoqi Wu , Wenjing Fang , Yancheng Zheng , Junming Ma , Jin Tan , Yinggui Wang , Lei Wang

With the growing use of Transformer models hosted on cloud platforms to offer inference services, privacy concerns are escalating, especially concerning sensitive data like investment plans and bank account details. Secure Multi-Party…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jinglong Luo , Yehong Zhang , Zhuo Zhang , Jiaqi Zhang , Xin Mu , Hui Wang , Yue Yu , Zenglin Xu

There is a growing trend to outsource the inference task of large transformer models to cloud servers. However, this poses a severe threat to users' private data as they are exposed to cloud servers after uploading. Although several works…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Weize Wang , Yi Kuang

It is increasingly important to enable privacy-preserving inference for cloud services based on Transformers. Post-quantum cryptographic techniques, e.g., fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), and multi-party computation (MPC), are popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Mengxin Zheng , Qian Lou , Lei Jiang

With ChatGPT as a representative, tons of companies have began to provide services based on large Transformers models. However, using such a service inevitably leak users' prompts to the model provider. Previous studies have studied secure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Ye Dong , Wen-jie Lu , Yancheng Zheng , Haoqi Wu , Derun Zhao , Jin Tan , Zhicong Huang , Cheng Hong , Tao Wei , Wenguang Chen

With the increasing deployment of generative machine learning models in privacy-sensitive domains such as healthcare and personalized services, ensuring secure inference has become a critical challenge. Secure multi-party computation (MPC)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Tianpei Lu , Bingsheng Zhang , Lekun Peng , Bowen Zheng , Lichun Li , Kui Ren

Large transformer models, such as BERT, achieve state-of-the-art results in machine reading comprehension (MRC) for open-domain question answering (QA). However, transformers have a high computational cost for inference which makes them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Haytham ElFadeel , Stan Peshterliev

Institutions may benefit from collaborative inference on time-series data. In settings where privacy is necessary, multi-party computation (MPC) is a straightforward approach to providing strong guarantees, yet it remains prohibitively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Lucas Fenaux , Larris Xie , Aditya Bang , Alex Zhang , Kevin Wilson , Florian Kerschbaum

The past several years have witnessed the success of transformer-based models, and their scale and application scenarios continue to grow aggressively. The current landscape of transformer models is increasingly diverse: the model size…

Secure multi-party computation (MPC) facilitates privacy-preserving computation between multiple parties without leaking private information. While most secure deep learning techniques utilize MPC operations to achieve feasible…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Ke Lin , Yasir Glani , Ping Luo

Many inference services based on large language models (LLMs) pose a privacy concern, either revealing user prompts to the service or the proprietary weights to the user. Secure inference offers a solution to this problem through secure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Deevashwer Rathee , Dacheng Li , Ion Stoica , Hao Zhang , Raluca Popa

Critical to a free data market is $\textit{private data selection}$, i.e. the model owner selects and then appraises training data from the data owner before both parties commit to a transaction. To keep the data and model private, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xu Ouyang , Felix Xiaozhu Lin , Yangfeng Ji

This paper presents an efficient framework for private Transformer inference that combines Homomorphic Encryption (HE) and Secure Multi-party Computation (MPC) to protect data privacy. Existing methods often leverage HE for linear layers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Tianshi Xu , Wen-jie Lu , Jiangrui Yu , Chen Yi , Chenqi Lin , Runsheng Wang , Meng Li

Cryptographically secure neural network inference typically relies on secure computing techniques such as Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC), enabling cloud servers to process client inputs without decrypting them. Although prior…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yukuan Zhang , Mengxin Zheng , Qian Lou

In this paper, we address the problem of reducing the computational burden of Model Predictive Control (MPC) for real-time robotic applications. We propose TransformerMPC, a method that enhances the computational efficiency of MPC…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Vrushabh Zinage , Ahmed Khalil , Efstathios Bakolas

One limitation of existing Transformer-based models is that they cannot handle very long sequences as input since their self-attention operations exhibit quadratic time and space complexity. This problem becomes especially acute when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yuzhen Mao , Martin Ester , Ke Li

In the modern era of computing, machine learning tools have demonstrated their potential in vital sectors, such as healthcare and finance, to derive proper inferences. The sensitive and confidential nature of the data in such sectors raises…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Ajith Suresh

The Transformer architecture revolutionized the field of natural language processing (NLP). Transformers-based models (e.g., BERT) power many important Web services, such as search, translation, question-answering, etc. While enormous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Dave Dice , Alex Kogan

Transformer models have gained significant attention due to their power in machine learning tasks. Their extensive deployment has raised concerns about the potential leakage of sensitive information during inference. However, when being…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Zhengyi Li , Kang Yang , Jin Tan , Wen-jie Lu , Haoqi Wu , Xiao Wang , Yu Yu , Derun Zhao , Yancheng Zheng , Minyi Guo , Jingwen Leng
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