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This study presents a novel approach for knowledge distillation (KD) from a BERT teacher model to an automatic speech recognition (ASR) model using intermediate layers. To distil the teacher's knowledge, we use an attention decoder that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Michael Hentschel , Yuta Nishikawa , Tatsuya Komatsu , Yusuke Fujita

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) has allowed leveraging large amounts of unlabeled speech data to improve the performance of speech recognition models even with small annotated datasets. Despite this, speech SSL representations may fail while…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-02 Salah Zaiem , Titouan Parcollet , Slim Essid

Knowledge Distillation is an effective method of transferring knowledge from a large model to a smaller model. Distillation can be viewed as a type of model compression, and has played an important role for on-device ASR applications. In…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-13 Sankaran Panchapagesan , Daniel S. Park , Chung-Cheng Chiu , Yuan Shangguan , Qiao Liang , Alexander Gruenstein

Self-supervised learning (SSL) on large-scale datasets like AudioSet has become the dominant paradigm for audio representation learning. While the continuous influx of new, unlabeled audio presents an opportunity to enrich these static…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Yizhou Zhang , Yuan Gao , Wangjin Zhou , Zicheng Yuan , Keisuke Imoto , Tatsuya Kawahara

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) based models of speech have shown remarkable performance on a range of downstream tasks. These state-of-the-art models have remained blackboxes, but many recent studies have begun "probing" models like HuBERT,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Cheol Jun Cho , Abdelrahman Mohamed , Alan W Black , Gopala K. Anumanchipalli

The semi-supervised learning (SSL) strategy in lightweight models requires reducing annotated samples and facilitating cost-effective inference. However, the constraint on model parameters, imposed by the scarcity of training labels, limits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Qianren Mao , Weifeng Jiang , Junnan Liu , Chenghua Lin , Qian Li , Xianqing Wen , Jianxin Li , Jinhu Lu

Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) is a core component of conversational systems, enabling machines to interpret user utterances. Despite its importance, developing effective SLU systems remains challenging due to the scarcity of labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yan Xie , Yibo Cui , Liang Xie , Erwei Yin

As Transfer Learning from large-scale pre-trained models becomes more prevalent in Natural Language Processing (NLP), operating these large models in on-the-edge and/or under constrained computational training or inference budgets remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Victor Sanh , Lysandre Debut , Julien Chaumond , Thomas Wolf

We present results from Alexa speech teams on semi-supervised learning (SSL) of acoustic models (AM) with experiments spanning over 3000 hours of GPU time, making our study one of the largest of its kind. We discuss SSL for AMs in a small…

This work focuses on the efficiency of the knowledge distillation approach in generating a lightweight yet powerful BERT based model for natural language processing applications. After the model creation, we applied the resulting model,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Ahmed Akib Jawad Karim , Kazi Hafiz Md. Asad , Md. Golam Rabiul Alam

Self-supervised models have had great success in learning speech representations that can generalize to various downstream tasks. However, most self-supervised models require a large amount of compute and multiple GPUs to train,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Tzu-Quan Lin , Hung-yi Lee , Hao Tang

Self-supervised learning leverages unlabeled data effectively, improving label efficiency and generalization to domains without labeled data. While recent work has studied generalization to more acoustic/linguistic domains, languages, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Maryam Fazel-Zarandi , Wei-Ning Hsu

A recent line of research on automated speaking assessment (ASA) has benefited from self-supervised learning (SSL) representations, which capture rich acoustic and linguistic patterns in non-native speech without underlying assumptions of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-23 Tien-Hong Lo , Szu-Yu Chen , Yao-Ting Sung , Berlin Chen

Inspired by the humans' cognitive ability to generalise knowledge and skills, Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) targets at discovering general representations from large-scale data without requiring human annotations, which is an expensive and…

In this work, we analyzed and compared speech representations extracted from different frozen self-supervised learning (SSL) speech pre-trained models on their ability to capture articulatory features (AF) information and their subsequent…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-28 Hang Ji , Tanvina Patel , Odette Scharenborg

Speech is a rich signal, and labeled audio-text pairs are costly, making self-supervised learning essential for scalable representation learning. A core challenge in speech SSL is generating pseudo-labels that are both informative and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Liuyuan Jiang , Xiaodong Cui , Brian Kingsbury , Tianyi Chen , Lisha Chen

Enhancing explainability in speech self-supervised learning (SSL) is important for developing reliable SSL-based speech processing systems. This study probes how speech SSL models encode speaker-specific information via a large-scale…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Aemon Yat Fei Chiu , Kei Ching Fung , Roger Tsz Yeung Li , Jingyu Li , Tan Lee

Multilingual self-supervised speech representation models have greatly enhanced the speech recognition performance for low-resource languages, and the compression of these huge models has also become a crucial prerequisite for their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Haoyu Wang , Siyuan Wang , Wei-Qiang Zhang , Jinfeng Bai

Self-supervised learning (SSL) techniques have achieved remarkable results in various speech processing tasks. Nonetheless, a significant challenge remains in reducing the reliance on vast amounts of speech data for pre-training. This paper…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-05 Po-chun Hsu , Ali Elkahky , Wei-Ning Hsu , Yossi Adi , Tu Anh Nguyen , Jade Copet , Emmanuel Dupoux , Hung-yi Lee , Abdelrahman Mohamed

Pre-training with self-supervised models, such as Hidden-unit BERT (HuBERT) and wav2vec 2.0, has brought significant improvements in automatic speech recognition (ASR). However, these models usually require an expensive computational cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ji Won Yoon , Beom Jun Woo , Nam Soo Kim