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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have closer dynamics to the brain than current deep neural networks. Their low power consumption and sample efficiency make these networks interesting. Recently, several deep convolutional spiking neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Shahriar Rezghi Shirsavar , Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have shown clear advantages over traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) for low latency and high computational efficiency, due to their event-driven nature and sparse communication. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Jibin Wu , Chenglin Xu , Daquan Zhou , Haizhou Li , Kay Chen Tan

Direct training of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) on neuromorphic hardware can greatly reduce energy costs compared to GPU-based training. However, implementing Backpropagation (BP) on such hardware is challenging because forward and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Gaspard Goupy , Pierre Tirilly , Ioan Marius Bilasco

Inspired by biology, spiking neural networks (SNNs) process information via discrete spikes over time, offering an energy-efficient alternative to the classical computing paradigm and classical artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Shayan Hundrieser , Philipp Tuchel , Insung Kong , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are considered to have enormous potential in the future development of Artificial Intelligence due to their brain-inspired and energy-efficient properties. Compared to vanilla Spatial-Temporal Back-propagation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zecheng Hao , Yifan Huang , Zijie Xu , Wenxuan Liu , Yuanhong Tang , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

In recent years, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have gained momentum due to their high potential in time-series processing combined with minimal energy consumption. However, they still lack a dedicated and efficient training algorithm. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Giovanni Perin , Cesare Bidini , Riccardo Mazzieri , Michele Rossi

Recent research in the field of spiking neural networks (SNNs) has shown that recurrent variants of SNNs, namely long short-term SNNs (LSNNs), can be trained via error gradients just as effective as LSTMs. The underlying learning method…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Manuel Traub , Martin V. Butz , R. Harald Baayen , Sebastian Otte

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) promise low-power event-driven computation for temporally rich tasks, but commonly used neuron models often trade off gradient-based trainability, dynamical richness, and high activity sparsity. These…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Alex Fulleda-Garcia , Saray Soldado-Magraner , Josep Maria Margarit-Taulé

We present a fully memristive spiking neural network (MSNN) consisting of novel memristive neurons trained using the backpropagation through time (BPTT) learning rule. Gradient descent is applied directly to the memristive…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Peng Zhou , Jason K. Eshraghian , Dong-Uk Choi , Sung-Mo Kang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising brain-inspired energy-efficient models. Recent progress in training methods has enabled successful deep SNNs on large-scale tasks with low latency. Particularly, backpropagation through time…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Di He , Zhouchen Lin

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) as Machine Learning (ML) models have recently received a lot of attention as a potentially more energy-efficient alternative to conventional Artificial Neural Networks. The non-differentiability and sparsity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Maximilian Gollwitzer , Felix Dietrich

Spiking neural networks have shown great promise for the design of low-power sensory-processing and edge-computing hardware platforms. However, implementing on-chip learning algorithms on such architectures is still an open challenge,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Matteo Cartiglia , Germain Haessig , Giacomo Indiveri

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained significant traction in both computational neuroscience and artificial intelligence for their potential in energy-efficient computing. In contrast, artificial neural networks (ANNs) excel at…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Nhan T. Luu , Duong T. Luu , Pham Ngoc Nam , Truong Cong Thang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are biology-inspired artificial neural networks (ANNs) that comprise of spiking neurons to process asynchronous discrete signals. While more efficient in power consumption and inference speed on the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Shikuang Deng , Shi Gu

Gradient descent prevails in artificial neural network training, but seems inept for spiking neural networks as small parameter changes can cause sudden, disruptive (dis-)appearances of spikes. Here, we demonstrate exact gradient descent…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-01-29 Christian Klos , Raoul-Martin Memmesheimer

We propose a new supervised learning rule for multilayer spiking neural networks (SNNs) that use a form of temporal coding known as rank-order-coding. With this coding scheme, all neurons fire exactly one spike per stimulus, but the firing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Timothée Masquelier

We derive a synaptic weight update rule for learning temporally precise spike train to spike train transformations in multilayer feedforward networks of spiking neurons. The framework, aimed at seamlessly generalizing error backpropagation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-01-11 Arunava Banerjee

Emergence of deep neural networks (DNNs) has raised enormous attention towards artificial neural networks (ANNs) once again. They have become the state-of-the-art models and have won different machine learning challenges. Although these…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Shahriar Rezghi Shirsavar , Abdol-Hossein Vahabie , Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have shown advantages in computation and energy efficiency over traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) thanks to their event-driven representations. SNNs also replace weight multiplications in ANNs with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Yangfan Hu , Qian Zheng , Xudong Jiang , Gang Pan

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have garnered a great amount of interest for supervised and unsupervised learning applications. This paper deals with the problem of training multi-layer feedforward SNNs. The non-linear integrate-and-fire…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Navin Anwani , Bipin Rajendran
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