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Recently, there has been gradually more attention paid to Out-of-Distribution (OOD) performance prediction, whose goal is to predict the performance of trained models on unlabeled OOD test datasets, so that we could better leverage and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Han Yu , Kehan Li , Dongbai Li , Yue He , Xingxuan Zhang , Peng Cui

Improving out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization during in-distribution (ID) adaptation is a primary goal of robust fine-tuning of zero-shot models beyond naive fine-tuning. However, despite decent OOD generalization performance from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Changdae Oh , Hyesu Lim , Mijoo Kim , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun , Jaegul Choo , Alexander Hauptmann , Zhi-Qi Cheng , Kyungwoo Song

Despite outstanding semantic scene segmentation in closed-worlds, deep neural networks segment novel instances poorly, which is required for autonomous agents acting in an open world. To improve out-of-distribution (OOD) detection for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Meghna Gummadi , Cassandra Kent , Karl Schmeckpeper , Eric Eaton

Modern machine learning models, that excel on computer vision tasks such as classification and object detection, are often overconfident in their predictions for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) examples, resulting in unpredictable behaviour for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Brian K. S. Isaac-Medina , Mauricio Che , Yona F. A. Gaus , Samet Akcay , Toby P. Breckon

Collaborative inference enables resource-constrained edge devices to make inferences by uploading inputs (e.g., images) to a server (i.e., cloud) where the heavy deep learning models run. While this setup works cost-effectively for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Sumaiya Tabassum Nimi , Md Adnan Arefeen , Md Yusuf Sarwar Uddin , Yugyung Lee

Dynamic graph neural networks (DGNNs) are increasingly pervasive in exploiting spatio-temporal patterns on dynamic graphs. However, existing works fail to generalize under distribution shifts, which are common in real-world scenarios. As…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Haonan Yuan , Qingyun Sun , Xingcheng Fu , Ziwei Zhang , Cheng Ji , Hao Peng , Jianxin Li

Modern machine learning models deployed in the wild can encounter both covariate and semantic shifts, giving rise to the problems of out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization and OOD detection respectively. While both problems have received…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Haoyue Bai , Gregory Canal , Xuefeng Du , Jeongyeol Kwon , Robert Nowak , Yixuan Li

The core of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to learn the in-distribution (ID) representation, which is distinguishable from OOD samples. Previous work applied recognition-based methods to learn the ID features, which tend to learn…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Shaozuo Yu , Zexin He , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

Out-of-distribution generalization (OODG) is a longstanding challenge for neural networks. This challenge is quite apparent in tasks with well-defined variables and rules, where explicit use of the rules could solve problems independently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Andrew J. Nam , Mustafa Abdool , Trevor Maxfield , James L. McClelland

As machine learning models continue to achieve impressive performance across different tasks, the importance of effective anomaly detection for such models has increased as well. It is common knowledge that even well-trained models lose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Ramneet Kaur , Xiayan Ji , Souradeep Dutta , Michele Caprio , Yahan Yang , Elena Bernardis , Oleg Sokolsky , Insup Lee

Data-driven modeling of spatiotemporal physical processes with general deep learning methods is a highly challenging task. It is further exacerbated by the limited availability of data, leading to poor generalizations in standard neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Timothy Praditia , Matthias Karlbauer , Sebastian Otte , Sergey Oladyshkin , Martin V. Butz , Wolfgang Nowak

Deep neural networks exhibit remarkable performance, yet their black-box nature limits their utility in fields like healthcare where interpretability is crucial. Existing explainability approaches often sacrifice accuracy and lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Linhui Huang , Sayeri Lala , Niraj K. Jha

Robust fine-tuning aims to achieve competitive in-distribution (ID) performance while maintaining the out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness of a pre-trained model when transferring it to a downstream task. To remedy this, most robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Xiang Yuan , Jun Shu , Deyu meng , Zongben Xu

In real-world applications, it is important and desirable to learn a model that performs well on out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Recently, causality has become a powerful tool to tackle the OOD generalization problem, with the idea resting…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-25 Ruoyu Wang , Mingyang Yi , Zhitang Chen , Shengyu Zhu

Neural networks, while effective for tackling many challenging scientific tasks, are not known to perform well out-of-distribution (OOD), i.e., within domains which differ from their training data. Understanding neural network OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Luis Rangel DaCosta , Mary C. Scott

Ordinary differential equations (ODEs), via their induced flow maps, provide a powerful framework to parameterize invertible transformations for the purpose of representing complex probability distributions. While such models have achieved…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-09-06 Youssef Marzouk , Zhi Ren , Sven Wang , Jakob Zech

Graph machine learning has been extensively studied in both academia and industry. Although booming with a vast number of emerging methods and techniques, most of the literature is built on the in-distribution hypothesis, i.e., testing and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Haoyang Li , Xin Wang , Ziwei Zhang , Wenwu Zhu

Recent progress has pushed AI frontiers from pattern recognition tasks toward problems that require step by step, System2 style reasoning, especially with large language models. Yet, unlike learning, where generalization and out of…

Deep neural networks often face generalization problems to handle out-of-distribution (OOD) data, and there remains a notable theoretical gap between the contributing factors and their respective impacts. Literature evidence from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Songming Zhang , Yuxiao Luo , Qizhou Wang , Haoang Chi , Xiaofeng Chen , Bo Han , Jinyan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalisation is challenging because it involves not only learning from empirical data, but also deciding among various notions of generalisation, e.g., optimising the average-case risk, worst-case risk, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Anurag Singh , Siu Lun Chau , Shahine Bouabid , Krikamol Muandet