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Quantum key distribution (QKD) can be used to generate secret keys between two distant parties. Even though QKD has been proven unconditionally secure against eavesdroppers with unlimited computation power, practical implementations of QKD…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-13 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Bing Qi , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum Cryptography, or more accurately, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is based on using an unconditionally secure ``quantum channel'' to share a secret key among two users. A manufacturer of QKD devices could, intentionally or not, use a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Jan-Åke Larsson

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a crucial component for truly secure communication, which enables to analyze leakage of information due to eavesdropper attacks. While impressive progress was made in the field of long-distance…

In recent years, the gap between theory and practice in quantum key distribution (QKD) has been significantly narrowed, particularly for QKD systems with arbitrarily awed optical receivers. The status for QKD systems with imperfect light…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-06 Akihiro Mizutani , Marcos Curty , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Nobuyuki Imoto , Kiyoshi Tamaki

Nowadays security in communication is increasingly important to the network communication because many categories of data are required restriction on authorization of access, modify, delete and insert. Quantum cryptography is one of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-06-23 Ajit Singh , Nidhi Sharma

A commercial quantum key distribution (QKD) system needs to be formally certified to enable its wide deployment. The certification should include the system's robustness against known implementation loopholes and attacks that exploit them.…

The security issues facing quantum key distribution (QKD) are explained, herein focusing on those issues that are cryptographic and information theoretic in nature and not those based on physics. The problem of security criteria is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-25 Horace Yuen

In this work, we present a reliable, efficient, and tight numerical method for calculating key rates for finite-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. We illustrate our approach by finding higher key rates than those…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-30 Adam Winick , Norbert Lütkenhaus , Patrick J. Coles

The promise of unconditional security in the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) depends on the availability of an authenticated classical channel. However, practical implementations often overlook this requirement or rely on computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Noureldin Mohamed , Saif Al-Kuwari

This note presents a method of public key distribution using quantum communication of n photons that simultaneously provides a high probability that the bits have not been tampered. It is a three-state variant of the quantum method of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-06-19 Subhash Kak

Semi-quantum key distribution protocols are designed to allow two parties to establish a shared secret key, secure against an all-powerful adversary, even when one of the users is restricted to measuring and preparing quantum states in one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-15 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been researched for almost four decades and is currently making its way to commercial applications. However, deployment of the technology at scale is challenging, because of the very particular nature of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-08 Thomas Loruenser , Stephan Krenn , Christoph Pacher , Bernhard Schrenk

We review the study on a two way quantum key distribution protocol given imperfect settings through a simple analysis of a toy model and show that it can outperform a BB84 setup. We provide the sufficient condition for this as a ratio of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 J. S. Shaari , Iskandar Bahari

Woodhead [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{88}, 012331 (2013)] derived the lower bound of the secret key rate for a Bennett-Brassard (BB84) like quantum key distribution protocol under collective attacks. However, this lower bound does not always…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-24 Rashi Jain , Satyabrata Adhikari

The mediated semi-quantum key distribution (MSQKD) protocol is an important research issue that lets two classical participants share secret keys securely between each other with the help of a third party (TP). However, in the existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-03 Chia-Wei Tsai , Chun-Wei Yang

Side-channel attacks currently constitute the main challenge for quantum key distribution (QKD) to bridge theory with practice. So far two main approaches have been introduced to address this problem, (full) device-independent QKD and…

The passive approach to quantum key distribution (QKD) consists of eliminating all optical modulators and random number generators from QKD systems, in so reaching an enhanced simplicity, immunity to modulator side channels, and potentially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-01 Víctor Zapatero , Marcos Curty

We discuss long code problems in the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution protocol and describe how they can be overcome by concatenation of the protocol. Observing that concatenated modified Lo-Chau protocol finally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 W. -Y. Hwang , K. Matsumoto , H. Imai , J. Kim , H. -W. Lee

While ideal quantum key distribution (QKD) systems are well-understood, practical implementations face various vulnerabilities, such as side-channel attacks resulting from device imperfections. Current security proofs for decoy-state BB84…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Jerome Wiesemann , Fadri Grünenfelder , Ana Blázquez , Nino Walenta , Davide Rusca

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two users to communicate with theoretically provable secrecy by encoding information on photonic qubits. Current encoders are complex, however, which reduces their appeal for practical use and…