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We present and analyze a quantum key distribution protocol based on sending entangled N-qubit states instead of single-qubit ones as in the trail-blazing scheme by Bennett and Brassard (BB84). Since the qubits are sent individually, an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-07 Olli Ahonen , Mikko Mottonen , Jeremy L. O'Brien

In this article I present a protocol for quantum cryptography which is secure against attacks on individual signals. It is based on the Bennett-Brassard protocol of 1984 (BB84). The security proof is complete as far as the use of single…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Norbert Lütkenhaus

We review the implementation of two QKD protocols (BB84 and B92) keeping in mind that their implementations do not easily satisfy the requirement of use of single photons. We argue that current models do not take into account issues raised…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-10-24 Monica Lavale

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is one of the most important aspects of quantum cryptography. Using laws of quantum mechanics as the basis for security, the key distribution process is made information theoretically secure in QKD. With the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-19 Rishab Chatterjee , Kaushik Joarder , Sourav Chatterjee , Barry C Sanders , Urbasi Sinha

Recently some alternatives of the measurement device independent quantum key distribution(MDI-QKD) based on the single-photon Bell state measurement (SBSM) have been proposed. Although these alternatives are not precisely as secure as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-06 Wen-Ye Liang , Mo Li , Zhen-Qiang Yin , Wei Chen , Shuang Wang , Xue-Bi An , Guang-Can Guo , Zheng-Fu Han

Although quantum key distribution (QKD) is theoretically secure, there is a gap between the theory and practice. In fact, real-life QKD may not be secure because component devices in QKD systems may deviate from the theoretical models…

The phase randomized light is one of the key assumptions in the security proof of Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol implemented with an attenuated laser. Though the assumption has been believed to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 Toshiya Kobayashi , Akihisa Tomita , Atsushi Okamoto

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a promising technology for secure communication. Nevertheless, QKD is still treated with caution in certain contexts due to potential gaps between theoretical models and actual QKD implementations. A common…

We propose the use of intra-particle entanglement to enhance the security of a practical implementation of the Bennett-Brassard-1984 (BB84) quantum key distribution scheme. Intra-particle entanglement is an attractive resource since it can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-24 S. Adhikari , Dipankar Home , A. S. Majumdar , A. K. Pan , Akshata Shenoy H. , R. Srikanth

In this work we present a security analysis for quantum key distribution, establishing a rigorous tradeoff between various protocol and security parameters for a class of entanglement-based and prepare-and-measure protocols. The goal of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-15 Marco Tomamichel , Anthony Leverrier

This study proposes a new lightweight quantum key distribution (LQKD) protocol based on the four-particle cluster state within a quantum-restricted environment. The protocol enables a quantum-capable user to simultaneously establish two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Mustapha Anis Younes , Sofia Zebboudj , Abdelhakim Gharbi

In theory, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretic security. In practice, however, it does not due to the discrepancies between the assumptions used in the security proofs and the behaviour of the real apparatuses.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-29 Margarida Pereira , Go Kato , Akihiro Mizutani , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

We suggest a type of attack on quantum cryptosystems that exploits variations in detector efficiency as a function of a control parameter accessible to an eavesdropper. With gated single-photon detectors, this control parameter can be the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Vadim Makarov , Andrey Anisimov , Johannes Skaar

Quantum key distribution protocols constitute an important part of quantum cryptography, where the security of sensitive information arises from the laws of physics. In this paper we introduce a new family of key distribution protocols and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-12 Dariusz Kurzyk , Łukasz Pawela , Zbigniew Puchała

Security proof of practical quantum key distribution (QKD) has attracted a lot of attentions in recent years. Most of real-life QKD implementations are based on phase-coding BB84 protocol, which usually uses Unbalanced Mach-Zehnder…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-08 Hong-Wei Li , Zhen-Qiang Yin , Zheng-Fu Han , Wan-Su Bao , Guang-Can Guo

We present security proofs for a protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on encoding in finite high-dimensional Hilbert spaces. This protocol is an extension of Bennett's and Brassard's basic protocol from two bases, two state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Mohamed Bourennane , Anders Karlsson , Gunnar Bjork , Nicolas Gisin , Nicolas Cerf

We present a finite-size security proof of the decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol against coherent attacks, using entropic uncertainty relations, for imperfect detectors. We apply this result to the case of detectors with imperfectly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Devashish Tupkary , Shlok Nahar , Pulkit Sinha , Norbert Lütkenhaus

We propose a new kind of individual attack, based on randomly selected dissipation, on Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol of practical quantum key distribution (QKD) system with lossy and noisy quantum channel. Since an adversary with super…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-27 Li Yang , Bing Zhu

Quantum mechanical complementarity ensures the security of the key-distribution scheme reported by Brassard and Bennet in 1984 (BB84), but does not prohibit use of multi-photons as a signal carrier. We describe a novel BB84 scheme in which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Y. Nambu , A. Tomita , Y. Chiba-Kohno , K. Nakamura

Many quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols require random choice of measurement basis for each pulse or each train of pulses. In some QKD protocols, such as the Round-Robin Differential Phase Shift (RRDPS) QKD protocol, this requirement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-18 Toshihiko Sasaki , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Masato Koashi