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Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) augments large language models (LLM) by retrieving relevant knowledge, showing promising potential in mitigating LLM hallucinations and enhancing response quality, thereby facilitating the great adoption…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Yixuan Tang , Yi Yang

In multi-turn dialog, utterances do not always take the full form of sentences \cite{Carbonell1983DiscoursePA}, which naturally makes understanding the dialog context more difficult. However, it is essential to fully grasp the dialog…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Xiuying Chen , Zhi Cui , Jiayi Zhang , Chen Wei , Jianwei Cui , Bin Wang , Dongyan Zhao , Rui Yan

Multimodal Multi-hop question answering requires integrating information from diverse sources, such as images and texts, to derive answers. Existing methods typically rely on sequential retrieval and reasoning, where each step builds on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yiheng Hu , Xiaoyang Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Qian Fu , Wenjie Zhang , Liming Zhu

The use of language-model-based question-answering systems to aid humans in completing difficult tasks is limited, in part, by the unreliability of the text these systems generate. Using hard multiple-choice reading comprehension questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Alicia Parrish , Harsh Trivedi , Nikita Nangia , Vishakh Padmakumar , Jason Phang , Amanpreet Singh Saimbhi , Samuel R. Bowman

Understanding unstructured text is a major goal within natural language processing. Comprehension tests pose questions based on short text passages to evaluate such understanding. In this work, we investigate machine comprehension on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-03-30 Adam Trischler , Zheng Ye , Xingdi Yuan , Jing He , Phillip Bachman , Kaheer Suleman

Visual Question Answering (VQA) often involves diverse reasoning scenarios across Vision and Language (V&L). Most prior VQA studies, however, have merely focused on assessing the model's overall accuracy without evaluating it on different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jihyung Kil , Farideh Tavazoee , Dongyeop Kang , Joo-Kyung Kim

While diverse question answering (QA) datasets have been proposed and contributed significantly to the development of deep learning models for QA tasks, the existing datasets fall short in two aspects. First, we lack QA datasets covering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Qiyuan Zhang , Lei Wang , Sicheng Yu , Shuohang Wang , Yang Wang , Jing Jiang , Ee-Peng Lim

Multiple-choice reading and listening comprehension tests are an important part of language assessment. Content creators for standard educational tests need to carefully curate questions that assess the comprehension abilities of candidates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Vatsal Raina , Adian Liusie , Mark Gales

We study the challenge of learning causal reasoning over procedural text to answer "What if..." questions when external commonsense knowledge is required. We propose a novel multi-hop graph reasoning model to 1) efficiently extract a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Chen Zheng , Parisa Kordjamshidi

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in question-answering (QA) tasks, their real reasoning abilities on multiple evidence retrieval and integration on Multi-hop QA tasks remain less explored. Firstly, LLMs sometimes generate answers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Jian Wu , Linyi Yang , Zhen Wang , Manabu Okumura , Yue Zhang

Knowledge-based visual question answering (QA) aims to answer a question which requires visually-grounded external knowledge beyond image content itself. Answering complex questions that require multi-hop reasoning under weak supervision is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Yu-Jung Heo , Eun-Sol Kim , Woo Suk Choi , Byoung-Tak Zhang

Implicit reasoning is the ability of a language model to solve multi-hop reasoning tasks in a single forward pass, without chain of thought. We investigate this capability using GPT2-style language models trained from scratch on controlled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yuekun Yao , Yupei Du , Dawei Zhu , Michael Hahn , Alexander Koller

Answering questions that require multi-hop reasoning at web-scale necessitates retrieving multiple evidence documents, one of which often has little lexical or semantic relationship to the question. This paper introduces a new graph-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Akari Asai , Kazuma Hashimoto , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Richard Socher , Caiming Xiong

Knowledge graph (KG) is known to be helpful for the task of question answering (QA), since it provides well-structured relational information between entities, and allows one to further infer indirect facts. However, it is challenging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Yuyu Zhang , Hanjun Dai , Zornitsa Kozareva , Alexander J. Smola , Le Song

Multi-hop question generation (MQG) aims to generate questions that require synthesizing multiple information snippets from documents to derive target answers. The primary challenge lies in effectively pinpointing crucial information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Maodong Li , Longyin Zhang , Fang Kong

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in many natural language processing tasks but often exhibit factual inconsistencies in knowledge-intensive settings. Integrating external knowledge resources, particularly knowledge graphs (KGs), provides…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shuai Wang , Yinan Yu

Multi-hop question answering (QA) involves finding multiple relevant passages and step-by-step reasoning to answer complex questions, indicating a retrieve-and-read paradigm. However, previous retrievers were customized for two-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jiahao Zhang , Haiyang Zhang , Dongmei Zhang , Yong Liu , Shen Huang

Automatic multi-hop fact verification task has gained significant attention in recent years. Despite impressive results, these well-designed models perform poorly on out-of-domain data. One possible solution is to augment the training data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yingjie Zhu , Jiasheng Si , Yibo Zhao , Haiyang Zhu , Deyu Zhou , Yulan He

Fact verification aims to automatically probe the veracity of a claim based on several pieces of evidence. Existing works are always engaging in accuracy improvement, let alone explainability, a critical capability of fact verification…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Huanhuan Ma , Weizhi Xu , Yifan Wei , Liuji Chen , Liang Wang , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Liang Wang

Answering complex questions often requires multi-step reasoning in order to obtain the final answer. Most research into decompositions of complex questions involves open-domain systems, which have shown success in using these decompositions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Kangda Wei , Dawn Lawrie , Benjamin Van Durme , Yunmo Chen , Orion Weller