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Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge to answer questions more accurately. However, research on evaluating RAG systems-particularly the retriever component-remains limited, as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Lorenz Brehme , Thomas Ströhle , Ruth Breu

Commonsense question answering (QA) research requires machines to answer questions based on commonsense knowledge. However, this research requires expensive labor costs to annotate data as the basis of research, and models that rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Xin Guan , Biwei Cao , Qingqing Gao , Zheng Yin , Bo Liu , Jiuxin Cao

Recent progress in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has led to more accurate and interpretable multi-hop question answering (QA). Yet, challenges persist in integrating iterative reasoning steps with external knowledge retrieval. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tengjun Ni , Xin Yuan , Shenghong Li , Kai Wu , Ren Ping Liu , Wei Ni , Wenjie Zhang

Knowledge graph question answering is an important technology in intelligent human-robot interaction, which aims at automatically giving answer to human natural language question with the given knowledge graph. For the multi-relation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Xinmeng Li , Mamoun Alazab , Qian Li , Keping Yu , Quanjun Yin

Despite scaling to massive context windows, Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with multi-hop reasoning due to inherent position bias, which causes them to overlook information at certain positions. Whether these failures stem from an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Meiru Zhang , Zaiqiao Meng , Nigel Collier

Recent generative approaches for multi-hop question answering (QA) utilize the fusion-in-decoder method~\cite{izacard-grave-2021-leveraging} to generate a single sequence output which includes both a final answer and a reasoning path taken…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Gowtham Ramesh , Makesh Sreedhar , Junjie Hu

Multi-hop reading comprehension across multiple documents attracts much attention recently. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to tackle this multi-hop reading comprehension problem. Inspired by human reasoning processing, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Zeyun Tang , Yongliang Shen , Xinyin Ma , Wei Xu , Jiale Yu , Weiming Lu

Previous work finds that recent long-context language models fail to make equal use of information in the middle of their inputs, preferring pieces of information located at the tail ends which creates an undue bias in situations where we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 George Arthur Baker , Ankush Raut , Sagi Shaier , Lawrence E Hunter , Katharina von der Wense

Multi-hop question answering (QA) is widely used to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet most benchmarks focus on final answer correctness and overlook intermediate reasoning, especially in long multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Biao Xiang , Soyeon Caren Han , Yihao Ding

Large language models (LLMs) have shown an impressive ability to perform tasks believed to require thought processes. When the model does not document an explicit thought process, it becomes difficult to understand the processes occurring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yuval Shalev , Amir Feder , Ariel Goldstein

Multi-hop reasoning approaches over knowledge graphs infer a missing relationship between entities with a multi-hop rule, which corresponds to a chain of relationships. We extend existing works to consider a generalized form of multi-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Lu Zhang , Mo Yu , Tian Gao , Yue Yu

Recent studies on transformer-based language models show that they can answer questions by reasoning over knowledge provided as part of the context (i.e., in-context reasoning). However, since the available knowledge is often not filtered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Zeming Chen , Gail Weiss , Eric Mitchell , Asli Celikyilmaz , Antoine Bosselut

Existing RAG benchmarks often overlook query difficulty, leading to inflated performance on simpler questions and unreliable evaluations. A robust benchmark dataset must satisfy three key criteria: quality, diversity, and difficulty, which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jeongsoo Lee , Daeyong Kwon , Kyohoon Jin , Junnyeong Jeong , Minwoo Sim , Minwoo Kim

We propose a framework for answering open domain multi-hop questions in which partial information is read and used to generate followup questions, to finally be answered by a pretrained single-hop answer extractor. This framework makes each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Christopher Malon , Bing Bai

The growing complexity of factual claims in real-world scenarios presents significant challenges for automated fact verification systems, particularly in accurately aggregating and reasoning over multi-hop evidence. Existing approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Liwen Zheng , Chaozhuo Li , Haoran Jia , Xi Zhang

Multi-hop question answering is a challenging task with distinct industrial relevance, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) methods based on large language models (LLMs) have become a popular approach to tackle this task. Owing to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Zhouyu Jiang , Mengshu Sun , Lei Liang , Zhiqiang Zhang

Real-world multi-hop QA is naturally linked with ambiguity, where a single query can trigger multiple reasoning paths that require independent resolution. Since ambiguity can occur at any stage, models must navigate layered uncertainty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jeonghyun Park , Ingeol Baek , Seunghyun Yoon , Haeun Jang , Aparna Garimella , Akriti Jain , Nedim Lipka , Hwanhee Lee

In the question answering(QA) task, multi-hop reasoning framework has been extensively studied in recent years to perform more efficient and interpretable answer reasoning on the Knowledge Graph(KG). However, multi-hop reasoning is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Yao Zhang , Peiyao Li , Hongru Liang , Adam Jatowt , Zhenglu Yang

Multi-hop question answering is widely used to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as it requires integrating multiple pieces of supporting knowledge to arrive at a correct answer. While prior work has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zhuoyi Yang , Yurun Song , Iftekhar Ahmed , Ian Harris

We focus on Multimodal Machine Reading Comprehension (M3C) where a model is expected to answer questions based on given passage (or context), and the context and the questions can be in different modalities. Previous works such as RecipeQA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Pritish Sahu , Karan Sikka , Ajay Divakaran