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This paper explores an intrinsic motivation for mutual awareness, hypothesizing that humans possess a fundamental drive to understand and to be understood even in the absence of extrinsic rewards. Through simulations of the perceptual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Chrisantha Fernando , Dylan Banarse , Simon Osindero

One obstacle to applying reinforcement learning algorithms to real-world problems is the lack of suitable reward functions. Designing such reward functions is difficult in part because the user only has an implicit understanding of the task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Jan Leike , David Krueger , Tom Everitt , Miljan Martic , Vishal Maini , Shane Legg

Reinforcement learning agents are prone to undesired behaviors due to reward mis-specification. Finding a set of reward functions to properly guide agent behaviors is particularly challenging in multi-agent scenarios. Inverse reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Lantao Yu , Jiaming Song , Stefano Ermon

Decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have become popular in the literature since it allows heterogeneous agents to have their own reward functions as opposed to canonical multi-agent Markov Decision Process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Soumajyoti Sarkar

Self-interested individuals often fail to cooperate, posing a fundamental challenge for multi-agent learning. How can we achieve cooperation among self-interested, independent learning agents? Promising recent work has shown that in certain…

Autonomous artificial agents must be able to learn behaviors in complex environments without humans to design tasks and rewards. Designing these functions for each environment is not feasible, thus, motivating the development of intrinsic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Alana Santana , Paula P. Costa , Esther L. Colombini

The objective of a reinforcement learning agent is to behave so as to maximise the sum of a suitable scalar function of state: the reward. These rewards are typically given and immutable. In this paper, we instead consider the proposition…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Zeyu Zheng , Junhyuk Oh , Matteo Hessel , Zhongwen Xu , Manuel Kroiss , Hado van Hasselt , David Silver , Satinder Singh

We present a method for learning intrinsic reward functions to drive the learning of an agent during periods of practice in which extrinsic task rewards are not available. During practice, the environment may differ from the one available…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Janarthanan Rajendran , Richard Lewis , Vivek Veeriah , Honglak Lee , Satinder Singh

Autonomous exploration in complex multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with sparse rewards critically depends on providing agents with effective intrinsic motivation. While artificial curiosity offers a powerful self-supervised signal,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yiyuan Pan , Zhe Liu , Hesheng Wang

In the real world, people/entities usually find matches independently and autonomously, such as finding jobs, partners, roommates, etc. It is possible that this search for matches starts with no initial knowledge of the environment. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Kshitija Taywade , Judy Goldsmith , Brent Harrison

Reward function, as an incentive representation that recognizes humans' agency and rationalizes humans' actions, is particularly appealing for modeling human behavior in human-robot interaction. Inverse Reinforcement Learning is an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Ran Tian , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Liting Sun

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved significant results, most notably by leveraging the representation-learning abilities of deep neural networks. However, large centralized approaches quickly become…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Nikunj Gupta , G Srinivasaraghavan , Swarup Kumar Mohalik , Nishant Kumar , Matthew E. Taylor

Multi-agent reinforcement learning in mixed-motive settings presents a fundamental challenge: agents must balance individual interests with collective goals, which are neither fully aligned nor strictly opposed. To address this, reward…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Woojun Kim , Katia Sycara

Algorithmic collusion has emerged as a central question in AI: Will the interaction between different AI agents deployed in markets lead to collusion? More generally, understanding how emergent behavior, be it a cartel or market dominance…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ziyi Wang , Carmine Ventre , Maria Polukarov

LLM alignment has progressed in single-agent settings through paradigms such as RL with human feedback (RLHF), while recent work explores scalable alternatives such as RL with AI feedback (RLAIF) and dynamic alignment objectives. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Panatchakorn Anantaprayoon , Nataliia Babina , Nima Asgharbeygi , Jad Tarifi

In order to provide adaptive and user-friendly solutions to robotic manipulation, it is important that the agent can learn to accomplish tasks even if they are only provided with very sparse instruction signals. To address the issues…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Siyu Dai , Wei Xu , Andreas Hofmann , Brian Williams

To achieve an optimal outcome in many situations, agents need to choose distinct actions from one another. This is the case notably in many resource allocation problems, where a single resource can only be used by one agent at a time. How…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-02-05 Ludek Cigler , Boi Faltings

Designing a distribution of environments in which RL agents can learn interesting and useful skills is a challenging and poorly understood task, for multi-agent environments the difficulties are only exacerbated. One approach is to train a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Ingmar Kanitscheider , Harri Edwards

Autonomous reinforcement learning agents, like children, do not have access to predefined goals and reward functions. They must discover potential goals, learn their own reward functions and engage in their own learning trajectory.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Nicolas Lair , Cédric Colas , Rémy Portelas , Jean-Michel Dussoux , Peter Ford Dominey , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Exploration of indoor environments has recently experienced a significant interest, also thanks to the introduction of deep neural agents built in a hierarchical fashion and trained with Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) on simulated…

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