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Proteins play a critical role in carrying out biological functions, and their 3D structures are essential in determining their functions. Accurately predicting the conformation of protein side-chains given their backbones is important for…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-19 Yangtian Zhang , Zuobai Zhang , Bozitao Zhong , Sanchit Misra , Jian Tang

Molecular docking, a key technique in structure-based drug design, plays pivotal roles in protein-ligand interaction modeling, hit identification and optimization, in which accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding mode is essential.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-20 Jintao Zhu , Zhonghui Gu , Jianfeng Pei , Luhua Lai

Protein structure prediction and folding are fundamental to understanding biology, with recent deep learning advances reshaping the field. Diffusion-based generative models have revolutionized protein design, enabling the creation of novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yogesh Verma , Markus Heinonen , Vikas Garg

The design of protein sequences with desired functionalities is a fundamental task in protein engineering. Deep generative methods, such as autoregressive models and diffusion models, have greatly accelerated the discovery of novel protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Zitai Kong , Yiheng Zhu , Yinlong Xu , Hanjing Zhou , Mingzhe Yin , Jialu Wu , Hongxia Xu , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Tingjun Hou , Jian Wu

AlphaFold3 introduces a diffusion-based architecture that elevates protein structure prediction to all-atom resolution with improved accuracy. This state-of-the-art performance has established AlphaFold3 as a foundation model for diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhe Zhang , Yuanning Feng , Yuxuan Song , Keyue Qiu , Hao Zhou , Wei-Ying Ma

Medical foundation models pre-trained on large-scale datasets have shown powerful versatile performance. However, when adapting medical foundation models for specific medical scenarios, it remains the inevitable challenge due to the gap…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Siyuan Du , Yuhang Zhou , Haolin Li , Jiangchao Yao , Haishuai Wang , Hui Lin , Ya Zhang , Yanfeng Wang

We apply a new approach to the reverse protein folding problem. Our method uses a minimization function in the design process which is different from the energy function used for folding. For a lattice model, we show that this new approach…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-28 J. M. Deutsch , Tanya Kurosky

We introduce IntFold, a controllable foundation model for general and specialized biomolecular structure prediction. Utilizing a high-performance custom attention kernel, IntFold achieves accuracy comparable to the state-of-the-art…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-08 The IntFold Team , Leon Qiao , Wayne Bai , He Yan , Gary Liu , Nova Xi , Xiang Zhang , Siqi Sun

Consistency and reliability are crucial for conducting AI research. Many famous research fields, such as object detection, have been compared and validated with solid benchmark frameworks. After AlphaFold2, the protein folding task has…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-01 Jaemyung Lee , Kyeongtak Han , Jaehoon Kim , Hasun Yu , Youhan Lee

We review the recent progress in computational approaches to protein design which builds on advances in statistical-mechanical protein folding theory. In particular, we evaluate the degeneracy of the protein code (i.e. how many sequences…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 E. I. Shakhnovich

Protein structure prediction has advanced significantly with the introduction of AlphaFold3, a diffusion-based model capable of predicting complex biomolecular interactions across proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, and ions. While…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-12 Shreya Gopalan , Sundar Narayanan

Repeat proteins are made with tandem copies of similar amino acid stretches that fold into elongated architectures. Due to their symmetry, these proteins constitute excellent model systems to investigate how evolution relates to structure,…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-10-12 Ezequiel A. Galpern , Jacopo Marchi , Thierry Mora , Aleksandra M. Walczak , Diego U. Ferreiro

Protein structure prediction helps to understand gene translation and protein function, which is of growing interest and importance in structural biology. The AlphaFold model, which used transformer architecture to achieve atomic-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Shenggan Cheng , Xuanlei Zhao , Guangyang Lu , Jiarui Fang , Zhongming Yu , Tian Zheng , Ruidong Wu , Xiwen Zhang , Jian Peng , Yang You

Data-driven generation of molecules with desired properties, also known as inverse molecular design (IMD), has attracted significant attention in recent years. Despite the significant progress in the accuracy and diversity of solutions,…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Kevin Tirta Wijaya , Navid Ansari , Hans-Peter Seidel , Vahid Babaei

Diffusion- and flow-based generative models have recently demonstrated strong performance in protein backbone generation tasks, offering unprecedented capabilities for de novo protein design. However, while achieving notable performance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Liyang Xie , Haoran Zhang , Zhendong Wang , Wesley Tansey , Mingyuan Zhou

Inverse Protein Folding (IPF) is a critical subtask in the field of protein design, aiming to engineer amino acid sequences capable of folding correctly into a specified three-dimensional (3D) conformation. Although substantial progress has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yanting Li , Jiyue Jiang , Zikang Wang , Ziqian Lin , Dongchen He , Yuheng Shan , Yanruisheng Shao , Jiayi Li , Xiangyu Shi , Jiuming Wang , Yanyu Chen , Yimin Fan , Han Li , Yu Li

The growing significance of RNA engineering in diverse biological applications has spurred interest in developing AI methods for structure-based RNA design. While diffusion models have excelled in protein design, adapting them for RNA…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-11 Divya Nori , Wengong Jin

The goal of Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) problem is to predict a protein's 3D structure (confirmation) from its amino acid sequence. The problem has been a 'holy grail' of science since the Noble prize-winning work of Anfinsen…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-01-24 Abbi Abdel-Rehim , Oghenejokpeme Orhobor , Hang Lou , Hao Ni , Ross D. King

Highly accurate biomolecular structure prediction is a key component of developing biomolecular foundation models, and one of the most critical aspects of building foundation models is identifying the recipes for scaling the model. In this…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-02 Yi Zhou , Chan Lu , Yiming Ma , Wei Qu , Fei Ye , Kexin Zhang , Lan Wang , Minrui Gui , Quanquan Gu

Protein generative models have shown remarkable promise in protein design, yet their success rates remain constrained by reliance on curated sequence-structure datasets and by misalignment between supervised objectives and real design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ziwen Wang , Jiajun Fan , Ruihan Guo , Thao Nguyen , Heng Ji , Ge Liu