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Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed a transformative leap with the advent of transformer-based architectures, which have significantly enhanced the ability of machines to understand and generate human-like text. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Tianhao Wu , Yu Wang , Ngoc Quach

The computation necessary for training Transformer-based language models has skyrocketed in recent years. This trend has motivated research on efficient training algorithms designed to improve training, validation, and downstream…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Jean Kaddour , Oscar Key , Piotr Nawrot , Pasquale Minervini , Matt J. Kusner

General-purpose pretrained sentence encoders such as BERT are not ideal for real-world conversational AI applications; they are computationally heavy, slow, and expensive to train. We propose ConveRT (Conversational Representations from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Matthew Henderson , Iñigo Casanueva , Nikola Mrkšić , Pei-Hao Su , Tsung-Hsien Wen , Ivan Vulić

Transformer-based models have led to significant innovation in classical and practical subjects as varied as speech processing, natural language processing, and computer vision. On top of the Transformer, attention-based end-to-end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Fu-Hao Yu , Kuan-Yu Chen

Transformer architectures have achieved state-of-the-art performance across natural language tasks, yet they fundamentally misrepresent the hierarchical nature of human language by processing text as flat token sequences. This results in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ayan Sar , Sampurna Roy , Kanav Gupta , Anurag Kaushish , Tanupriya Choudhury , Abhijit Kumar

Encoder-only transformer models such as BERT offer a great performance-size tradeoff for retrieval and classification tasks with respect to larger decoder-only models. Despite being the workhorse of numerous production pipelines, there have…

Prompt-Tuning is a new paradigm for finetuning pre-trained language models in a parameter-efficient way. Here, we explore the use of HyperNetworks to generate hyper-prompts: we propose HyperPrompt, a novel architecture for prompt-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Yun He , Huaixiu Steven Zheng , Yi Tay , Jai Gupta , Yu Du , Vamsi Aribandi , Zhe Zhao , YaGuang Li , Zhao Chen , Donald Metzler , Heng-Tze Cheng , Ed H. Chi

Transformers are ubiquitous in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, but they are difficult to be deployed on hardware due to the intensive computation. To enable low-latency inference on resource-constrained hardware platforms, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Hanrui Wang , Zhanghao Wu , Zhijian Liu , Han Cai , Ligeng Zhu , Chuang Gan , Song Han

Transformers have become central to natural language processing and large language models, but their deployment at scale faces three major challenges. First, the attention mechanism requires massive matrix multiplications and frequent…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Xiaoxuan Yang , Peilin Chen , Tergel Molom-Ochir , Yiran Chen

Transformer models have been widely adopted in various domains over the last years, and especially large language models have advanced the field of AI significantly. Due to their size, the capability of these networks has increased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

Transformers process tokens in parallel but are temporally shallow: at position $t$, each layer attends to key-value pairs computed based on the previous layer, yielding a depth capped by the number of layers. Recurrent models offer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Costin-Andrei Oncescu , Depen Morwani , Samy Jelassi , Alexandru Meterez , Mujin Kwun , Sham Kakade

In natural language processing (NLP), the "Transformer" architecture was proposed as the first transduction model replying entirely on self-attention mechanisms without using sequence-aligned recurrent neural networks (RNNs) or convolution,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Bingbing Li , Santosh Pandey , Haowen Fang , Yanjun Lyv , Ji Li , Jieyang Chen , Mimi Xie , Lipeng Wan , Hang Liu , Caiwen Ding

Transformers are widely used deep learning architectures. Existing transformers are mostly designed for sequences (texts or time series), images or videos, and graphs. This paper proposes a novel transformer model for massive (up to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Wenchong He , Zhe Jiang , Tingsong Xiao , Zelin Xu , Shigang Chen , Ronald Fick , Miles Medina , Christine Angelini

Transformer-based architectures have become the de-facto standard models for a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks. However, their memory footprint and high latency are prohibitive for efficient deployment and inference on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

Transformer is a powerful model for text understanding. However, it is inefficient due to its quadratic complexity to input sequence length. Although there are many methods on Transformer acceleration, they are still either inefficient on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Chuhan Wu , Fangzhao Wu , Tao Qi , Yongfeng Huang , Xing Xie

Recent advancements in attention mechanisms have replaced recurrent neural networks and its variants for machine translation tasks. Transformer using attention mechanism solely achieved state-of-the-art results in sequence modeling. Neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Prakhar Thapak , Prodip Hore

Recurrent neural networks are effective models to process sequences. However, they are unable to learn long-term dependencies because of their inherent sequential nature. As a solution, Vaswani et al. introduced the Transformer, a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Quentin Fournier , Gaétan Marceau Caron , Daniel Aloise

Recent years have seen a phenomenal rise in performance and applications of transformer neural networks. The family of transformer networks, including Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformer (BERT), Generative Pretrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata , Sparsh Mittal , Murali Emani , Venkatram Vishwanath , Arun K. Somani

Pretrained transformer models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks. These models leverage the attention mechanism to capture long- and short-range dependencies in the sequence. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Qingru Zhang , Dhananjay Ram , Cole Hawkins , Sheng Zha , Tuo Zhao

Modern language models still rely on fixed, pre-defined subword tokenizations. Once a tokenizer is trained, the LM can only operate at this fixed level of granularity, which often leads to brittle and counterintuitive behaviors even in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Chunyuan Deng , Sanket Lokegaonkar , Colin Lockard , Besnik Fetahu , Nasser Zalmout , Xian Li