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The Transformer architecture revolutionized the field of natural language processing (NLP). Transformers-based models (e.g., BERT) power many important Web services, such as search, translation, question-answering, etc. While enormous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Dave Dice , Alex Kogan

This paper explores the novel deep learning Transformers architectures for high-frequency Bitcoin-USDT log-return forecasting and compares them to the traditional Long Short-Term Memory models. A hybrid Transformer model, called…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-02-28 Fazl Barez , Paul Bilokon , Arthur Gervais , Nikita Lisitsyn

Attention-based encoder-decoder, e.g. transformer and its variants, generates the output sequence in an autoregressive (AR) manner. Despite its superior performance, AR model is computationally inefficient as its generation requires as many…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-27 Keyu An , Zerui Li , Zhifu Gao , Shiliang Zhang

Attention-based models have shown significant improvement over traditional algorithms in several NLP tasks. The Transformer, for instance, is an illustrative example that generates abstract representations of tokens inputted to an encoder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Dhanasekar Sundararaman , Vivek Subramanian , Guoyin Wang , Shijing Si , Dinghan Shen , Dong Wang , Lawrence Carin

Transformer-based QA models use input-wide self-attention -- i.e. across both the question and the input passage -- at all layers, causing them to be slow and memory-intensive. It turns out that we can get by without input-wide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Qingqing Cao , Harsh Trivedi , Aruna Balasubramanian , Niranjan Balasubramanian

BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, is a recently introduced language representation model based upon the transfer learning paradigm. We extend its fine-tuning procedure to address one of its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Raghavendra Pappagari , Piotr Żelasko , Jesús Villalba , Yishay Carmiel , Najim Dehak

Transformer model architectures have garnered immense interest lately due to their effectiveness across a range of domains like language, vision and reinforcement learning. In the field of natural language processing for example,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Yi Tay , Mostafa Dehghani , Dara Bahri , Donald Metzler

Transformer, BERT and their variants have achieved great success in natural language processing. Since Transformer models are huge in size, serving these models is a challenge for real industrial applications. In this paper, we propose…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Xiaohui Wang , Ying Xiong , Yang Wei , Mingxuan Wang , Lei Li

Most widely-used pre-trained language models operate on sequences of tokens corresponding to word or subword units. By comparison, token-free models that operate directly on raw text (bytes or characters) have many benefits: they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Linting Xue , Aditya Barua , Noah Constant , Rami Al-Rfou , Sharan Narang , Mihir Kale , Adam Roberts , Colin Raffel

Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have been one of the most successful deep learning models for NLP. Unfortunately, one of their core limitations is the quadratic dependency (mainly in terms of memory) on the sequence length due to…

Although transformers have become the neural architectures of choice for natural language processing, they require orders of magnitude more training data, GPU memory, and computations in order to compete with convolutional neural networks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Pranav Jeevan , Amit Sethi

The Transformer is a highly successful deep learning model that has revolutionised the world of artificial neural networks, first in natural language processing and later in computer vision. This model is based on the attention mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Riccardo Ughi , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci

In the current landscape of large models, the Transformer stands as a cornerstone, playing a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of modern models. However, its application encounters challenges attributed to the substantial computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-03 Gaoxiang Duan , Junkai Zhang , Xiaoying Zheng , Yongxin Zhu , Victor Chang

Transformers have reshaped machine learning by utilizing attention mechanisms to capture complex patterns in large datasets, leading to significant improvements in performance. This success has contributed to the belief that "bigger means…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Hemanth Saratchandran , Damien Teney , Simon Lucey

Transformer-based language models have recently been at the forefront of active research in text generation. However, these models' advances come at the price of prohibitive training costs, with parameter counts in the billions and compute…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Gabriel Lindenmaier , Sean Papay , Sebastian Padó

Transformers have achieved great success in a wide variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks due to the attention mechanism, which assigns an importance score for every word relative to other words in a sequence. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Shrihari Sridharan , Jacob R. Stevens , Kaushik Roy , Anand Raghunathan

Even though BERT achieves successful performance improvements in various supervised learning tasks, applying BERT for unsupervised tasks still holds a limitation that it requires repetitive inference for computing contextual language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Joongbo Shin , Yoonhyung Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Kyomin Jung

Fine-tuning pre-trained transformers is a powerful technique for enhancing the performance of base models on specific tasks. From early applications in models like BERT to fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs), this approach has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Suneel Nadipalli

The Transformer is an extremely powerful and prominent deep learning architecture. In this work, we challenge the commonly held belief in deep learning that going deeper is better, and show an alternative design approach that is building…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Jason Ross Brown , Yiren Zhao , Ilia Shumailov , Robert D Mullins

Transformers are powerful for sequence modeling. Nearly all state-of-the-art language models and pre-trained language models are based on the Transformer architecture. However, it distinguishes sequential tokens only with the token position…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-17 He Bai , Peng Shi , Jimmy Lin , Yuqing Xie , Luchen Tan , Kun Xiong , Wen Gao , Ming Li