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Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) offers a natural solution for settings where only coarse, bag-level labels are available, without having access to instance-level annotations. This is usually the case in digital pathology, which consists of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Andreas Lolos , Stergios Christodoulidis , Aris L. Moustakas , Jose Dolz , Maria Vakalopoulou

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is often used in medical imaging to classify high-resolution 2D images by processing patches or classify 3D volumes by processing slices. However, conventional MIL approaches treat instances separately,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Ethan Harvey , Dennis Johan Loevlie , Michael C. Hughes

Multi-instance learning attempts to learn from a training set consisting of labeled bags each containing many unlabeled instances. Previous studies typically treat the instances in the bags as independently and identically distributed.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2009-05-13 Zhi-Hua Zhou , Yu-Yin Sun , Yu-Feng Li

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is an effective paradigm for whole-slide pathological images (WSIs) classification to handle the gigapixel resolution and slide-level label. Prevailing MIL methods primarily focus on improving the feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Tiancheng Lin , Zhimiao Yu , Hongyu Hu , Yi Xu , Chang Wen Chen

The Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) paradigm is attracting plenty of attention in medical imaging classification, where labeled data is scarce. MIL methods cast medical images as bags of instances (e.g. patches in whole slide images, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Yunan Wu , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

We propose a novel framework to classify large-scale time series data with long duration. Long time seriesclassification (L-TSC) is a challenging problem because the dataoften contains a large amount of irrelevant information to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Yuansheng Zhu , Weishi Shi , Deep Shankar Pandey , Yang Liu , Xiaofan Que , Daniel E. Krutz , Qi Yu

Multiple-instance learning (MIL) has served as an important tool for a wide range of vision applications, for instance, image classification, object detection, and visual tracking. In this paper, we propose a novel method to solve the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-10-06 Xinggang Wang , Zhuotun Zhu , Cong Yao , Xiang Bai

Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detection (WSVAD) is challenging because the binary anomaly label is only given on the video level, but the output requires snippet-level predictions. So, Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is prevailing in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Hui Lv , Zhongqi Yue , Qianru Sun , Bin Luo , Zhen Cui , Hanwang Zhang

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) gains popularity in many real-life machine learning applications due to its weakly supervised nature. However, the corresponding effort on explaining MIL lags behind, and it is usually limited to presenting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Dawid Rymarczyk , Adam Pardyl , Jarosław Kraus , Aneta Kaczyńska , Marek Skomorowski , Bartosz Zieliński

The whole slide image (WSI) classification is often formulated as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem. Since the positive tissue is only a small fraction of the gigapixel WSI, existing MIL methods intuitively focus on identifying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Wenhao Tang , Sheng Huang , Xiaoxian Zhang , Fengtao Zhou , Yi Zhang , Bo Liu

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a robust paradigm for whole-slide pathological image (WSI) analysis, processing gigapixel-resolution images with slide-level labels. As pioneering efforts, attention-based MIL (ABMIL) and its variants are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Linghan Cai , Shenjin Huang , Ye Zhang , Jinpeng Lu , Yongbing Zhang

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) is pivotal for analyzing complex, weakly labeled datasets, such as whole-slide images (WSIs) in computational pathology, where bags comprise unordered collections of instances with sparse diagnostic relevance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yuedi Zhang , Zhixiang Xia , Guosheng Yin , Bin Liu

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a powerful approach to classify whole slide images (WSIs) for diagnostic pathology. A fundamental challenge of MIL on WSI classification is to discover the \textit{critical instances} that trigger the bag…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Zhikang Wang , Yue Bi , Tong Pan , Xiaoyu Wang , Chris Bain , Richard Bassed , Seiya Imoto , Jianhua Yao , Jiangning Song

Traditional supervised learning tasks require a label for every instance in the training set, but in many real-world applications, labels are only available for collections (bags) of instances. This problem setting, known as multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Georg Wölflein , Lucie Charlotte Magister , Pietro Liò , David J. Harrison , Ognjen Arandjelović

The detection of anomalies in time series data is a critical task with many monitoring applications. Existing systems often fail to encompass an end-to-end detection process, to facilitate comparative analysis of various anomaly detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Sarah Alnegheimish , Dongyu Liu , Carles Sala , Laure Berti-Equille , Kalyan Veeramachaneni

Anomaly detection is a fundamental problem in data mining field with many real-world applications. A vast majority of existing anomaly detection methods predominately focused on data collected from a single source. In real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Yuening Li , Ninghao Liu , Jundong Li , Mengnan Du , Xia Hu

The deployment of machine learning solutions in real-world scenarios often involves addressing the challenge of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. While significant efforts have been devoted to OOD detection in classical supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Loïc Le Bescond , Maria Vakalopoulou , Stergios Christodoulidis , Fabrice André , Hugues Talbot

Multiple instance learning (MIL) aims to learn the mapping between a bag of instances and the bag-level label. In this paper, we propose a new end-to-end graph neural network (GNN) based algorithm for MIL: we treat each bag as a graph and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Ming Tu , Jing Huang , Xiaodong He , Bowen Zhou

Time series anomaly detection (TSAD) plays a vital role in various domains such as healthcare, networks, and industry. Considering labels are crucial for detection but difficult to obtain, we turn to TSAD with inexact supervision: only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chen Liu , Shibo He , Haoyu Liu , Shizhong Li

Learning accurate object detectors often requires large-scale training data with precise object bounding boxes. However, labeling such data is expensive and time-consuming. As the crowd-sourcing labeling process and the ambiguities of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Chengxin Liu , Kewei Wang , Hao Lu , Zhiguo Cao , Ziming Zhang