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When studying the expressive power of neural networks, a main challenge is to understand how the size and depth of the network affect its ability to approximate real functions. However, not all functions are interesting from a practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Gal Vardi , Daniel Reichman , Toniann Pitassi , Ohad Shamir

While neural networks are used for classification tasks across domains, a long-standing open problem in machine learning is determining whether neural networks trained using standard procedures are optimal for classification, i.e., whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Mikhail Belkin , Caroline Uhler

We show that for neural network functions that have width less or equal to the input dimension all connected components of decision regions are unbounded. The result holds for continuous and strictly monotonic activation functions as well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Hans-Peter Beise , Steve Dias Da Cruz , Udo Schröder

We study the expressibility and learnability of convex optimization solution functions and their multi-layer architectural extension. The main results are: \emph{(1)} the class of solution functions of linear programming (LP) and quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Ming Jin , Vanshaj Khattar , Harshal Kaushik , Bilgehan Sel , Ruoxi Jia

We show that neural networks with absolute value activation function and with the path norm, the depth, the width and the network weights having logarithmic dependence on $1/\varepsilon$ can $\varepsilon$-approximate functions that are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-18 Aleksandr Beknazaryan

We consider in this paper the optimal approximations of convex univariate functions with feed-forward Relu neural networks. We are interested in the following question: what is the minimal approximation error given the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Bo Liu , Yi Liang

It has been recently observed in much of the literature that neural networks exhibit a bottleneck rank property: for larger depths, the activation and weights of neural networks trained with gradient-based methods tend to be of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Antoine Ledent , Rodrigo Alves , Yunwen Lei

We study the problem of approximating compactly-supported integrable functions while implementing their support set using feedforward neural networks. Our first main result transcribes this "structured" approximation problem into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Anastasis Kratsios , Behnoosh Zamanlooy

We study the following two related problems. The first is to determine to what error an arbitrary zonoid in $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ can be approximated in the Hausdorff distance by a sum of $n$ line segments. The second is to determine optimal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-25 Jonathan W. Siegel

Deep neural networks with rectified linear units (ReLU) are getting more and more popular due to their universal representation power and successful applications. Some theoretical progress regarding the approximation power of deep ReLU…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-02-28 Bo Li , Shanshan Tang , Haijun Yu

In this paper, we study approximation properties of single hidden layer neural networks with weights varying on finitely many directions and thresholds from an open interval. We obtain a necessary and at the same time sufficient measure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Vugar Ismailov , Ekrem Savas

The paper briefy reviews several recent results on hierarchical architectures for learning from examples, that may formally explain the conditions under which Deep Convolutional Neural Networks perform much better in function approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-12 Hrushikesh Mhaskar , Tomaso Poggio

We study the uniform approximation of echo state networks with randomly generated internal weights. These models, in which only the readout weights are optimized during training, have made empirical success in learning dynamical systems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Zhen Li , Yunfei Yang

Understanding the relationship between the depth of a neural network and its representational capacity is a central problem in deep learning theory. In this work, we develop a geometric framework to analyze the expressivity of ReLU networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Juan L. Valerdi

This paper quantitatively characterizes the approximation power of deep feed-forward neural networks (FNNs) in terms of the number of neurons. It is shown by construction that ReLU FNNs with width $\mathcal{O}\big(\max\{d\lfloor…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-15 Zuowei Shen , Haizhao Yang , Shijun Zhang

We improve recently published results about resources of Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) and Deep Belief Networks (DBN) required to make them Universal Approximators. We show that any distribution p on the set of binary vectors of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2010-07-27 Guido Montufar , Nihat Ay

Neural networks offer high-accuracy solutions to a range of problems, but are costly to run in production systems because of computational and memory requirements during a forward pass. Given a trained network, we propose a techique called…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-18 Michele Pratusevich

Smooth activation functions are ubiquitous in modern deep learning, yet their theoretical advantages over non-smooth counterparts remain poorly understood. In this work, we study both approximation and statistical properties of neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-03 Yuhao Liu , Zilin Wang , Lei Wu , Shaobo Zhang

The vulnerability of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to adversarial samples has recently garnered significant attention in the machine learning community. Furthermore, recent studies have unveiled the existence of universal adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Juanjuan Weng , Zhiming Luo , Dazhen Lin , Shaozi Li

We consider the problem of exact computation of the maximum function over $d$ real inputs using ReLU neural networks. We prove a depth hierarchy, wherein width $\Omega\big(d^{1+\frac{1}{2^{k-2}-1}}\big)$ is necessary to represent the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Itay Safran