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Payment channel networks use off-chain transactions to provide virtually arbitrary transaction rates. In this paper, we provide a new perspective on payment channels and consider them as a flow network. We propose an extended push-relabel…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-09-27 Elias Rohrer , Jann-Frederik Laß , Florian Tschorsch

As a promising implementation model of payment channel network (PCN), payment channel hub (PCH) could achieve high throughput by providing stable off-chain transactions through powerful hubs. However, existing PCH schemes assume hubs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Lingxiao Yang , Xuewen Dong , Sheng Gao , Qiang Qu , Xiaodong Zhang , Wensheng Tian , Yulong Shen

Payment channel networks (PCNs) have been designed and utilized to address the scalability challenge and throughput limitation of blockchains. Routing is a core problem of PCNs. An ideal PCN routing method needs to achieve 1) high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Xiaoxue Zhang , Shouqian Shi , Chen Qian

Payment channels are the most prominent solution to the blockchain scalability problem. We introduce the problem of network design with fees for payment channels from the perspective of a Payment Service Provider (PSP). Given a set of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Georgia Avarikioti , Gerrit Janssen , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Despite growing adoption of cryptocurrencies, making fast payments at scale remains a challenge. Payment channel networks (PCNs) such as the Lightning Network have emerged as a viable scaling solution. However, completing payments on PCNs…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Vibhaalakshmi Sivaraman , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan , Kathy Ruan , Parimarjan Negi , Lei Yang , Radhika Mittal , Mohammad Alizadeh , Giulia Fanti

Blockchain and blockchain-inspired decentralized applications are on the rise thanks to their unique characteristics such as their decentralized nature, anonymity, and tamper-proof nature; however, blockchain transactions tend to experience…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yi Lyu

Credit networks rely on decentralized, pairwise trust relationships (channels) to exchange money or goods. Credit networks arise naturally in many financial systems, including the recent construct of payment channel networks in blockchain…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Vibhaalakshmi Sivaraman , Weizhao Tang , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan , Giulia Fanti , Mohammad Alizadeh

We introduce a family of PCNs (Payment Channel Networks) characterized by a semi-hierarchical topology and a custom set of channel rebalancing strategies. This family exhibits two interesting benefits, if used as a platform for large-scale,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Marco Benedetti , Francesco De Sclavis , Marco Favorito , Giuseppe Galano , Sara Giammusso , Antonio Muci , Matteo Nardelli

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are viewed as one of the most promising scalability solutions for cryptocurrencies today. Roughly, PCNs are networks where each node represents a user and each directed, weighted edge represents funds…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Weizhao Tang , Weina Wang , Giulia Fanti , Sewoong Oh

Public blockchains inherently offer low throughput and high latency, motivating off-chain scalability solutions such as Payment Channel Networks (PCNs). However, existing PCNs suffer from liquidity fragmentation-funds locked in one channel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Ayush Nainwal , Atharva Kamble , Nitin Awathare

Micropayment channels are the most prominent solution to the limitation on transaction throughput in current blockchain systems. However, in practice channels are risky because participants have to be online constantly to avoid fraud, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Georgia Avarikioti , Felix Laufenberg , Jakub Sliwinski , Yuyi Wang , Roger Wattenhofer

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are a layer-2 blockchain scalability solution, with its main entity, the payment channel, enabling transactions between pairs of nodes "off-chain," thus reducing the burden on the layer-1 network. Nodes with…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Nikolaos Papadis , Leandros Tassiulas

Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies received a lot of attention recently for their applications in many domains. IoT domain is one of such applications, which can utilize cryptocur-rencies for micro payments without compromising their payment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Suat Mercan , Enes Erdin , Kemal Akkaya

The Bitcoin scalability problem has led to the development of off-chain financial mechanisms such as payment channel networks (PCNs) which help users process transactions of varying amounts, including micro-payment transactions, without…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Kartick Kolachala , Mohammed Ababneh , Roopa Vishwanathan

In this paper, we construct a decentralized clearing mechanism which endogenously and automatically provides a claims resolution procedure. This mechanism can be used to clear a network of obligations through blockchain. In particular, we…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2022-01-11 Hamed Amini , Maxim Bichuch , Zachary Feinstein

Payment channels effectively move the transaction load off-chain thereby successfully addressing the inherent scalability problem most cryptocurrencies face. A major drawback of payment channels is the need to ``top up'' funds on-chain when…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Zeta Avarikioti , Krzysztof Pietrzak , Iosif Salem , Stefan Schmid , Samarth Tiwari , Michelle Yeo

Cryptocurrencies redefined how money can be stored and transferred among users. However, independent of the amount being sent, public blockchain-based cryptocurrencies suffer from high transaction waiting times and fees. These drawbacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Enes Erdin , Suat Mercan , Kemal Akkaya

Decentralized marketplace applications demand fast, cheap and easy-to-use cryptocurrency payment mechanisms to facilitate high transaction volumes. The standard solution for off-chain payments, state channels, are optimized for frequent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Madhumitha Harishankar , Dimitrios-Georgios Akestoridis , Sriram V. Iyer , Aron Laszka , Carlee Joe-Wong , Patrick Tague

While being decentralized, secure, and reliable, Bitcoin and many other blockchain-based cryptocurrencies suffer from scalability issues. One of the promising proposals to address this problem is off-chain payment channels. Since, not all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Soheil Zibakhsh Shabgahi , Seyed Mahdi Hosseini , Seyed Pooya Shariatpanahi , Behnam Bahrak

Digital payments play a pivotal role in the burgeoning digital economy. Moving forward, the enhancement of digital payment systems necessitates programmability, going beyond just efficiency and convenience, to meet the evolving needs and…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-01 Zijia Meng , Victor Feng