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Benchmarking is the de-facto standard for evaluating LLMs, due to its speed, replicability and low cost. However, recent work has pointed out that the majority of the open source benchmarks available today have been contaminated or leaked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Tanmay Rajore , Nishanth Chandran , Sunayana Sitaram , Divya Gupta , Rahul Sharma , Kashish Mittal , Manohar Swaminathan

A new method, with an application program in Matlab code, is proposed for testing item performance models on empirical databases. This method uses data intraclass correlation statistics as expected correlations to which one compares simple…

Non-local correlations that obey the no-signalling principle contain intrinsic randomness. In particular, for a specific Bell experiment, one can derive relations between the amount of randomness produced, as quantified by the min-entropy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-07 Boris Bourdoncle , Pei-Sheng Lin , Denis Rosset , Antonio Acín , Yeong-Cherng Liang

Visual quality measures (VQMs) are designed to support analysts by automatically detecting and quantifying patterns in visualizations. We propose a new VQM for visual grouping patterns in scatterplots, called ClustML, which is trained on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Mostafa M. Abbas , Ehsan Ullah , Abdelkader Baggag , Halima Bensmail , Michael Sedlmair , Michaël Aupetit

Benchmark datasets are critical for reproducible, reliable, and discriminative evaluation of LLMs. However, recent studies reveal that many benchmark datasets are included in pretraining corpora, i.e., $\textit{contaminated}$, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Al-Lawati , Jason Lucas , Dongwon Lee , Suhang Wang

This paper investigates the validity of Kleinberg's axioms for clustering functions with respect to the quite popular clustering algorithm called $k$-means. While Kleinberg's axioms have been discussed heavily in the past, we concentrate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Robert Kłopotek , Mieczysław Kłopotek

Peer analysis is a critical component of investment management, often relying on expert-provided categorization systems. These systems' consistency is questioned when they do not align with cohorts from unsupervised clustering algorithms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-21 Nathalia Castellanos , Dhruv Desai , Sebastian Frank , Stefano Pasquali , Dhagash Mehta

Machine learning (ML) models often exhibit bias that can exacerbate inequities in biomedical applications. Fairness auditing, the process of evaluating a model's performance across subpopulations, is critical for identifying and mitigating…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Jianhui Gao , Jessica Gronsbell

When scholars suspect units are dependent on each other within clusters but independent of each other across clusters, they employ cluster-robust standard errors (CRSEs). Nevertheless, what to cluster over is sometimes unknown. For…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-12 Kentaro Fukumoto

Comparing clusterings is central to evaluating unsupervised models, yet the many existing similarity measures can produce widely divergent, sometimes contradictory, evaluations. Clustering similarity measures are typically organized into…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-06 Alexander J. Gates

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly being integrated into psychological research as research tools, evaluation targets, human simulators, and cognitive models. However, recent evidence reveals severe measurement unreliability:…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Zhicheng Lin

Language Models (LMs) have shown promising performance in natural language generation. However, as LMs often generate incorrect or hallucinated responses, it is crucial to correctly quantify their uncertainty in responding to given inputs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Xinmeng Huang , Shuo Li , Mengxin Yu , Matteo Sesia , Hamed Hassani , Insup Lee , Osbert Bastani , Edgar Dobriban

We introduce a method for validation of results obtained by clustering analysis of data. The method is based on resampling the available data. A figure of merit that measures the stability of clustering solutions against resampling is…

Computational Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Erel Levine , Eytan Domany

Testing Machine Learning (ML) models and AI-Infused Applications (AIIAs), or systems that contain ML models, is highly challenging. In addition to the challenges of testing classical software, it is acceptable and expected that statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 George Kour , Marcel Zalmanovici , Orna Raz , Samuel Ackerman , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

The certification of intrinsic randomness is foundational to quantum information theory and central in many practical applications thereof, such as in the generation of unquestionably random numbers and in cryptographic protocols.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-27 Maria Ciudad Alañón , Daniel Centeno , Andrew Watford , Elie Wolfe

Being able to evaluate the quality of a clustering result even in the absence of ground truth cluster labels is fundamental for research in data mining. However, most cluster validation indices (CVIs) do not capture noise assignments by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Anna Beer , Lena Krieger , Pascal Weber , Martin Ritzert , Ira Assent , Claudia Plant

The use of external data in clinical trials offers numerous advantages, such as reducing the number of patients, increasing study power, and shortening trial durations. In Bayesian inference, information in external data can be transferred…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-17 Xuetao Lu , J. Jack Lee

Recent observations have underscored a disparity between the inflated benchmark scores and the actual performance of LLMs, raising concerns about potential contamination of evaluation benchmarks. This issue is especially critical for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Chunyuan Deng , Yilun Zhao , Xiangru Tang , Mark Gerstein , Arman Cohan

Datasets play a central role in AI governance by enabling both evaluation (measuring capabilities) and alignment (enforcing values) along axes such as helpfulness, harmlessness, toxicity, quality, and more. However, most alignment and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Prajna Soni , Deepika Raman , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

Point clouds registration is a fundamental step of many point clouds processing pipelines; however, most algorithms are tested on data that are collected ad-hoc and not shared with the research community. These data often cover only a very…