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Large Language Models (LLMs) have driven significant progress, yet their growing parameter counts and context windows incur prohibitive compute, energy, and monetary costs. We introduce EfficientLLM, a novel benchmark and the first…

The deployment of transformer-based models on resource-constrained edge devices represents a critical challenge in enabling real-time artificial intelligence applications. This comprehensive survey examines lightweight transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Hema Hariharan Samson

The rise of IoT has increased the need for on-edge machine learning, with TinyML emerging as a promising solution for resource-constrained devices such as MCU. However, evaluating their performance remains challenging due to diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Pietro Bartoli , Christian Veronesi , Andrea Giudici , David Siorpaes , Diana Trojaniello , Franco Zappa

With the surge of inexpensive computational and memory resources, neural networks (NNs) have experienced an unprecedented growth in architectural and computational complexity. Introducing NNs to resource-constrained devices enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Lennart Heim , Andreas Biri , Zhongnan Qu , Lothar Thiele

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has significantly pushed the frontiers of program synthesis. Advancement of LLM-based program synthesis calls for a thorough evaluation of LLM-generated code. Most evaluation frameworks focus on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Ruizhong Qiu , Weiliang Will Zeng , James Ezick , Christopher Lott , Hanghang Tong

Large language models (LLMs) power many state-of-the-art systems in natural language processing. However, these models are extremely computationally expensive, even at inference time, raising the natural question: when is the extra cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Deepak Narayanan , Keshav Santhanam , Peter Henderson , Rishi Bommasani , Tony Lee , Percy Liang

The ubiquity of machine learning (ML) and the demand for ever-larger models bring an increase in energy consumption and environmental impact. However, little is known about the energy scaling laws in ML, and existing research focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Emile Dos Santos Ferreira , Andrei Paleyes , Neil D. Lawrence

In the rapidly evolving landscape of enterprise natural language processing (NLP), the demand for efficient, lightweight models capable of handling multi-domain text automation tasks has intensified. This study conducts a comparative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Muhammad Shahmeer Khan

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently on edge devices is often constrained by limited memory capacity and high power consumption. Low-bit quantization methods, particularly ternary quantization, have demonstrated significant…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Chenyang Yin , Zhenyu Bai , Pranav Venkatram , Shivam Aggarwal , Zhaoying Li , Tulika Mitra

Efficient task scheduling in heterogeneous computing environments is imperative for optimizing resource utilization and minimizing task completion times. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive benchmarking analysis to evaluate the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Ali Mohammadjafari , Poorya Khajouie

Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently benefit from scaled Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but also suffer from heavy computational overhead. To address this issue, efficient reasoning aims to incentivize short yet accurate thinking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Taiqiang Wu , Zenan Xu , Bo Zhou , Ngai Wong

Adapters have been positioned as a parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) approach, whereby a minimal number of parameters are added to the model and fine-tuned. However, adapters have not been sufficiently analyzed to understand if PEFT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Nandini Mundra , Sumanth Doddapaneni , Raj Dabre , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Ratish Puduppully , Mitesh M. Khapra

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are undergoing rapid progress and represent the frontier of AI development. However, their training and inference efficiency have emerged as a core bottleneck in making MLLMs more accessible and…

Earth observation (EO) missions traditionally rely on transmitting raw or minimally processed imagery from satellites to ground stations for computationally intensive analysis. This paradigm is infeasible for CubeSat systems due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Luigi Capogrosso , Michele Magno

Evaluating the quality of machine-generated natural language content is a challenging task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Recently, large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have been employed for this purpose, but they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Daniil Larionov , Steffen Eger

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) and the development of increasingly large and diverse evaluation benchmarks have introduced substantial computational challenges for model assessment. In this paper, we present EffiEval,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yaoning Wang , Jiahao Ying , Yixin Cao , Yubo Ma , Yugang Jiang

The era of Large Language Models (LLMs) raises new demands for automatic evaluation metrics, which should be adaptable to various application scenarios while maintaining low cost and effectiveness. Traditional metrics for automatic text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Shuqian Sheng , Yi Xu , Tianhang Zhang , Zanwei Shen , Luoyi Fu , Jiaxin Ding , Lei Zhou , Xiaoying Gan , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved remarkable success, yet their significant computational demands hinder practical deployment. While efforts to improve LVLM efficiency are growing, existing methods lack comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Zekun Wang , Minghua Ma , Zexin Wang , Rongchuan Mu , Liping Shan , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Executing machine learning inference tasks on resource-constrained edge devices requires careful hardware-software co-design optimizations. Recent examples have shown how transformer-based deep neural network models such as ALBERT can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Zirui Fu , Aleksandre Avaliani , Marco Donato

Evaluation is pivotal for refining Large Language Models (LLMs), pinpointing their capabilities, and guiding enhancements. The rapid development of LLMs calls for a lightweight and easy-to-use framework for swift evaluation deployment.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Chaoqun He , Renjie Luo , Shengding Hu , Yuanqian Zhao , Jie Zhou , Hanghao Wu , Jiajie Zhang , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun
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