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Shadow estimation is an efficient method for predicting many observables of a quantum state with a statistical guarantee. In the multi-shot scenario, one performs projective measurement on the sequentially prepared state for $K$ times after…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-05 You Zhou , Qing Liu

We present a classical algorithm based on Pauli propagation for estimating expectation values of arbitrary observables on random unstructured quantum circuits across all circuit architectures and depths, including those with all-to-all…

In recent years there has been significant interest in understanding the statistical complexity of learning from quantum data under the constraint that one can only make unentangled measurements. While a key challenge in establishing tight…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-30 Sitan Chen , Weiyuan Gong , Zhihan Zhang

Classical shadow tomography provides a randomized scheme for approximating the quantum state and its properties at reduced computational cost with applications in quantum computing. In this Letter we present an algorithm for realizing fewer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-20 Irma Avdic , David A. Mazziotti

We consider the problem of estimating quantum observables on a collection of qubits, given as a linear combination of Pauli operators, with shallow quantum circuits consisting of single-qubit rotations. We introduce estimators based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-08 Stefan Hillmich , Charles Hadfield , Rudy Raymond , Antonio Mezzacapo , Robert Wille

Distributed quantum computing offers a promising approach to scaling quantum devices by networking multiple quantum processors. We present a quantum state tomography protocol tailored for distributed quantum computers that avoids assuming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Hans Mättig-Vásquez , Aldo Delgado , Luciano Pereira

The Clifford group is a finite subgroup of the unitary group generated by the Hadamard, the CNOT, and the Phase gates. This group plays a prominent role in quantum error correction, randomized benchmarking protocols, and the study of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Sergey Bravyi , Ruslan Shaydulin , Shaohan Hu , Dmitri Maslov

Benchmarking physical devices and verifying logical algorithms are important tasks for scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing. Numerous protocols exist for benchmarking devices before running actual algorithms. In this work, we show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Xiao Xiao , Dominik Hangleiter , Dolev Bluvstein , Mikhail D. Lukin , Michael J. Gullans

We investigate the boundary between classical and quantum computational power. This work consists of two parts. First we develop new classical simulation algorithms that are centered on sampling methods. Using these techniques we generate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-20 M. Van den Nest

Gaussian boson sampling is a promising candidate for showing experimental quantum advantage. While there is evidence that noiseless Gaussian boson sampling is hard to efficiently simulate using a classical computer, the current Gaussian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Changhun Oh , Minzhao Liu , Yuri Alexeev , Bill Fefferman , Liang Jiang

Understanding the boundary between classical simulatability and the power of quantum computation is a fascinating topic. Direct simulation of noisy quantum computation requires solving an open quantum many-body system, which is very costly.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-09 Xun Gao , Luming Duan

The constantly increasing dimensionality of artificial quantum systems demands for highly efficient methods for their characterization and benchmarking. Conventional quantum tomography fails for larger systems due to the exponential growth…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-04 Sergei S. Kuzmin , Varvara I. Mikhailova , Ivan V. Dyakonov , Stanislav S. Straupe

Classical simulations of noisy quantum circuits are instrumental to our understanding of the behavior of real-world quantum systems and the identification of regimes where one expects quantum advantage. In this work, we present a highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-17 Simon Cichy , Paul K. Faehrmann , Lennart Bittel , Jens Eisert , Hakop Pashayan

Shadow tomography for quantum states provides a sample efficient approach for predicting the properties of quantum systems when the properties are restricted to expectation values of $2$-outcome POVMs. However, these shadow tomography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-08 Weiyuan Gong , Scott Aaronson

The quantum statistical fluctuations of the electromagnetic field establish a limit, known as the shot-noise limit, on the sensitivity of optical measurements performed with classical technologies. However, quantum technologies are not…

Clifford circuits play an important role in quantum computation. Gottesman and Chuang proposed a gate teleportation protocol so that a quantum circuit can be implemented by the teleportation circuit with specific ancillary qubits. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-31 Yi-Cong Zheng , Ching-Yi Lai , Todd A. Brun , Leong-Chuan Kwek

Estimating the fidelity between an unknown quantum state and a fixed target is a fundamental task in quantum information science. Direct fidelity estimation (DFE) enables this without full tomography by sampling observables according to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Hyunho Cha , Sangwoo Hong , Jungwoo Lee

NOTE: PAPER WITHDRAWN (See Comments) The Clifford and Local Clifford groups for $d > 2$ dimensional systems have been topics of recent interest due to their applications in graph states, quantum codes, and possible applications in fast…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-12-07 Jacob Farinholt

Simulating noiseless quantum dynamics classically faces a fundamental dilemma: tensor-network methods become inefficient as entanglement saturates, while Pauli-truncation approaches typically rely on noise or randomness. To close the gap,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Jue Xu , Chu Zhao , Xiangran Zhang , Shuchen Zhu , Qi Zhao

Flexible characterization techniques that identify and quantify experimental imperfections under realistic assumptions are crucial for the development of quantum computers. Gate set tomography is a characterization approach that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-31 Raphael Brieger , Ingo Roth , Martin Kliesch