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We propose a new approach to nondeterministic random number generation. In theory, the randomness originated from the uncorrelated nature of consecutive laser pulses with Poissonian photon number distribution and that of the consecutive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Wei Wei , Hong Guo

Random numbers are a fundamental ingredient for many applications including simulation, modelling and cryptography. Sound random numbers should be independent and uniformly distributed. Moreover, for cryptographic applications they should…

Measurement-based quantum repeaters employ entanglement distillation and swapping across links using locally prepared resource states of minimal size and local Bell measurements. In this Letter, we introduce a systematic protocol for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Yu Shi , Ashlesha Patil , Saikat Guha

Rejection sampling is a well-known method to sample from a target distribution, given the ability to sample from a given distribution. The method has been first formalized by von Neumann (1951) and has many applications in classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-19 Maris Ozols , Martin Roetteler , Jérémie Roland

Bell inequality violations can be used to certify private randomness for use in cryptographic applications. In photonic Bell experiments, a large amount of the data that is generated comes from no-detection events and presumably contains…

Quantum technologies provide many applications for information processing tasks that are impossible to realize within classical physics. These capabilities include such fundamental resources as generating secure, i.e. private and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 Amelie Piveteau , Alban Seguinard , Piotr Mironowicz , Mohamed Bourennane

We analyse the entanglement structure of states generated by random constant-depth two-dimensional quantum circuits, followed by projective measurements of a subset of sites. By deriving a rigorous lower bound on the average entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Max McGinley , Wen Wei Ho , Daniel Malz

It has been proven that Boson sampling is a much promising model of optical quantum computation, which has been applied to designing quantum computer successfully, such as "Jiuzhang". However, the meaningful randomness of Boson sampling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-07 Jinjing Shi , Tongge Zhao , Yizhi Wang , Chunlin Yu , Yuhu Lu , Ronghua Shi , Shichao Zhang , Junjie Wu

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) based on quadrature measurements of the vacuum have so far used balanced homodyne detection to obtain a source of high entropy. Here we propose a simple direct detection measurement scheme using only…

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are able to generate numbers that are certifiably random, even to an agent who holds some side-information. Such systems typically require that the elements being used are precisely calibrated and…

Random number generators (RNGs) are notoriously challenging to build and test, especially for cryptographic applications. While statistical tests cannot definitively guarantee an RNG's output quality, they are a powerful verification tool…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Cameron Foreman , Richie Yeung , Florian J. Curchod

When experimental errors are ignored in an experiment, the subsequent analysis of its results becomes questionable. We develop tests to detect systematic errors in quantum experiments where only a finite amount of data is recorded and apply…

Randomness is a central feature of quantum mechanics and an invaluable resource for both classical and quantum technologies. Commonly, in Device-Independent and Semi-Device-Independent scenarios, randomness is certified using projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-08 Marco Avesani , Hamid Tebyanian , Paolo Villoresi , Giuseppe Vallone

Semi-device independent (Semi-DI) quantum random number generators (QRNG) gained attention for security applications, offering an excellent trade-off between security and generation rate. This paper presents a proof-of-principle time-bin…

Although quantum random number generators rely on the inherent indeterminism of quantum mechanics, ensuring that the numbers produced are secure remains a significant challenge. We introduce two semi-device-independent randomness expansion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Rutvij Bhavsar , Hamid Tebyanian , Roger Colbeck

A quantum key distribution protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed. Through choosing particles by twos from the sequence and performing Bell measurements, two communicators can detect eavesdropping and obtain the secure key.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Fei Gao , Fenzhuo Guo , Qiaoyan Wen , Fuchen Zhu

Much scientific work has focused on the generation of random numbers as well as the distribution of said random numbers for use as a cryptographic key. However, emphasis is often placed on one of the two to the exclusion of the other, but…

Classical Physics · Physics 2020-08-14 Nicholas Bornman , Andrew Forbes , Achim Kempf

Ideal quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols call for a source that emits single photon signals, but the sources used in typical practical realizations emit weak coherent states instead. A weak coherent state may contain more than one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hoi-Kwong Lo , John Preskill

Quantum random number generator (QRNG) utilizes the intrinsic randomness of quantum systems to generate completely unpredictable and genuine random numbers, finding wide applications across many fields. QRNGs relying on the phase noise of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Jialiang Li , Zitao Huang , Chunlin Yu , Jiajie Wu , Tongge Zhao , Xiangwei Zhu , Shihai Sun

A device-independent randomness expansion protocol aims to take an initial random seed and generate a longer one without relying on details of how the devices operate for security. A large amount of work to date has focussed on a particular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-08 Peter J. Brown , Sammy Ragy , Roger Colbeck