Related papers: Exergy of an open continuous medium
We present the relatively less known thermodynamic concept of exergy in the context of ecology and sustainability. To this end, we first very briefly outline thermodynamics as it arose historically via engineering studies. This enables us…
The available enthalpy is an early form of the modern thermodynamic concept of exergy, which is the generic name for the amount of work obtainable when some matter is brought to a state of equilibrium with its surroundings by means of…
The exergy of the dry atmosphere can be considered as another aspect of the meteorological theories of available energies. The local and global properties of the dry available enthalpy function, also called flow exergy, were investigated in…
Exergy, or availability, is a thermodynamic concept representing the useful work that can be extracted from a system evolving from a given state to a reference state. It is also a system metric, formulated from the first and the second law…
This study presents a new formulation for the norms and scalar products used in tangent linear or adjoint models to determine forecast errors and sensitivity to observations and to calculate singular vectors. The new norm is derived from…
Thermodynamics is commonly presented as a theory of macroscopic systems in stable equilibrium, built upon assumptions of extensivity and scaling with system size. In this paper, we present a universal formulation of the elementary…
Entropy is one of the key thermodynamic variables reflecting changes in the state of matter. Unlike other thermodynamic variables, it is well-defined also for nonequilibrium steady states through its relation to information. Applying this…
Exergy is a thermodynamic quantity useful to obtain information on the work from any process. The analyses of irreversibility are important in the designing and development of the productive processes for the economic growth, but they play…
An irreversible thermodynamical theory of solids is presented where the kinematic quantities are defined in an automatically objective way. Namely, auxiliary elements like reference frame, reference time and reference configuration are…
Exergy represents the maximum useful work possible when a system at a specific state reaches equilibrium with the environmental dead state at temperature To. Correspondingly, the exergy difference between two states is the maximum work…
We have considered a model of a small finite system with internal particles and surface degrees of freedom. All the main statistical distributions were explicitly obtained, on a pre thermodynamic limit basis. The concept of temperature or…
Thermodynamic relations are derived from first principles of mechanics for non-equilibrium processes. Since the key role herein is played by the law of increase of entropy, the latter is analyzed at first. It is shown that its derivation…
Relating thermodynamic and kinetic properties is a conceptual challenge with many practical benefits. Here, based on first principles, we derive a rigorous inequality relating the entropy and the dynamic propagator of particle…
The article presents new model of equilibrium in open chemical systems suggesting a linear dependence of the reaction shift from equilibrium in presence of the external thermodynamic force. Basic equation of this model contains traditional…
Equilibrium thermodynamics is grounded in the law of energy conservation, with a specific focus on how systems exchange energy with their environment during transitions between equilibrium states. These transitions are typically…
Free energy and entropy are examined in detail from the standpoint of classical thermodynamics. The approach is logically based on the fact that thermodynamic work is mediated by thermal energy through the tendency for nonthermal energy to…
An energy condition, in the context of a wide class of spacetime theories (including general relativity), is, crudely speaking, a relation one demands the stress-energy tensor of matter satisfy in order to try to capture the idea that…
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics has shown its applicability in a wide variety of different situations pertaining to fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. As successful as it is, however, its current formulation…
The mathematical properties associated with the widely accepted concept of the extensivity of many of the common thermodynamic variables are examined and some of their consequences considered. The possible conflict between some of these and…
The second law of thermodynamics uses change in free energy of macroscopic systems to set a bound on performed work. Ergotropy plays a similar role in microscopic scenarios, and is defined as the maximum amount of energy that can be…