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Third party tracking is the practice by which third parties recognize users accross different websites as they browse the web. Recent studies show that 90% of websites contain third party content that is tracking its users across the web.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-23 Dolière Francis Somé , Nataliia Bielova , Tamara Rezk

Over the past years, advertisement companies have used various tracking methods to persistently track users across the web. Such tracking methods usually include first and third-party cookies, cookie synchronization, as well as a variety of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Paschalis Bekos , Panagiotis Papadopoulos , Evangelos P. Markatos , Nicolas Kourtellis

Recent developments in online tracking make it harder for individuals to detect and block trackers. Some sites have deployed indirect tracking methods, which attempt to uniquely identify a device by asking the browser to perform a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Julissa Milligan , Sarah Scheffler , Andrew Sellars , Trishita Tiwari , Ari Trachtenberg , Mayank Varia

We perform a large-scale analysis of third-party trackers on the World Wide Web from more than 3.5 billion web pages of the CommonCrawl 2012 corpus. We extract a dataset containing more than 140 million third-party embeddings in over 41…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-08-01 Sebastian Schelter , Jérôme Kunegis

Various in-browser privacy protection techniques have been designed to protect end-users from third-party tracking. In an arms race against these counter-measures, the tracking providers developed a new technique called CNAME cloaking based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Ha Dao , Kensuke Fukuda

Growth in technology has resulted in the large-scale collection and processing of Personally Identifiable Information by organizations that run digital services such as websites, which led to the emergence of new legislation to regulate PII…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Abdirahman Mohamed , Christopher Dare , Ayobami Esther Olanrewaju , Mercyleen Tanui , Fonyuy Boris Lami

Cookies maintain state across related web traffic. As such, cookies are commonly used for authentication by storing a user's session ID and replacing the need to re-enter credentials in subsequent traffic. These so-called ``session…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Liam Tyler , Ivan De Oliveira Nunes

Different countries have different privacy regulatory models. These models impact the perspectives and laws surrounding internet privacy. However, little is known about how effective the regulatory models are when it comes to limiting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Nathaniel Fruchter , Hsin Miao , Scott Stevenson , Rebecca Balebako

The main goal of this paper is to study how often cookie banners that comply with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) contain aesthetic manipulation, a design tactic to draw users' attention to the button that permits personal…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Riley Grossman , Michael Smith , Cristian Borcea , Yi Chen

Browser fingerprinting is a pervasive online tracking technique used increasingly often for profiling and targeted advertising. Prior research on the prevalence of fingerprinting heavily relied on automated web crawls, which inherently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Meenatchi Sundaram Muthu Selva Annamalai , Igor Bilogrevic , Emiliano De Cristofaro

We present the first extensive measurement of the privacy properties of the advertising systems used by privacy-focused search engines. We propose an automated methodology to study the impact of clicking on search ads on three popular…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Salim Chouaki , Oana Goga , Hamed Haddadi , Peter Snyder

Online advertisers and analytics services (or trackers), are constantly tracking users activities as they access web services either through browsers or a mobile apps. Numerous tools such as browser plugins and specialized mobile apps have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-13 Muhammad Ikram , Mohamed Ali Kaafar

Web tracking has been extensively studied over the last decade. To detect tracking, previous studies and user tools rely on filter lists. However, it has been shown that filter lists miss trackers. In this paper, we propose an alternative…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Imane Fouad , Nataliia Bielova , Arnaud Legout , Natasa Sarafijanovic-Djukic

To what extent are users surveilled on the web, by what technologies, and by whom? We answer these questions by combining passively observed, anonymized browsing data of a large, representative sample of Americans with domain-level data on…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-01 Lucas Shen , Gaurav Sood

Revelations of large scale electronic surveillance and data mining by governments and corporations have fueled increased adoption of HTTPS. We present a traffic analysis attack against over 6000 webpages spanning the HTTPS deployments of 10…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-03-04 Brad Miller , Ling Huang , A. D. Joseph , J. D. Tygar

In the modern Web, service providers often rely heavily on third parties to run their services. For example, they make use of ad networks to finance their services, externally hosted libraries to develop features quickly, and analytics…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Tobias Urban , Martin Degeling , Thorsten Holz , Norbert Pohlmann

The number of computers, tablets and smartphones is increasing rapidly, which entails the ownership and use of multiple devices to perform online tasks. As people move across devices to complete these tasks, their identities becomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-08 Roberto Díaz-Morales

Browsers and their users can be tracked even in the absence of a persistent IP address or cookie. Unique and hence identifying pieces of information, making up what is known as a fingerprint, can be collected from browsers by a visited…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah , Wanpeng Li

Data protection regulations, such as GDPR and CCPA, require websites and embedded third-parties, especially advertisers, to seek user consent before they can collect and process user data. Only when the users opt in, can these entities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zengrui Liu , Umar Iqbal , Nitesh Saxena

Efforts by online ad publishers to circumvent traditional ad blockers towards regaining fiduciary benefits, have been demonstrably successful. As a result, there have recently emerged a set of adblockers that apply machine learning instead…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-30 Shitong Zhu , Zhongjie Wang , Xun Chen , Shasha Li , Umar Iqbal , Zhiyun Qian , Kevin S. Chan , Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy , Zubair Shafiq