Related papers: Collatz map as a non-singular transformation

In this paper, we first prove that given a nonnegative integer $m$ and an odd number $t$ not divisible by $3$, there exists a unique Collatz's Sequence \[ S_{c}(m,t)=\{n_{0}(m,t),n_{1}(m,t),n_{2}(m,t),\ldots,n_{m}(m,t),n_{m+1}(m,t)\} \]…

The Collatz conjecture is one of the easiest mathematical problems to state and yet it remains unsolved. For each $n\ge 2$ the Collatz iteration is mapped to a binary sequence and a corresponding unique integer which can recreate the…

We present a comprehensive structural analysis of the Collatz conjecture through ~1014 computational experiments yielding 630 formal results. By systematically deploying 29 distinct mathematical paradigms--including transfer operator…

It is well known that real measures on the circle are characterized by their Herglotz transform, an analytic function in the unit disc. Invariance of the measure under N-multiplication translates into a functional equation for the Herglotz…

In 1995, Meinardus & Berg presented a reformulation of the Collatz Conjecture in terms of a functional equation in a single complex variable over the open unit disk. This paper generalizes that method to deal with not only a large class of…

The Collatz conjecture asserts that repeatedly iterating $f(x) = (3x + 1)/2^{a(x)}$, where $a(x)$ is the highest exponent for which $2^{a(x)}$ exactly divides $3x+1$, always lead to $1$ for any odd positive integer $x$. Here, we present an…

Let $a_n$ be the random increasing sequence of natural numbers which takes each value independently with decreasing probability of order $n^{-\alpha}$, $0 < \alpha < 1/2$. We prove that, almost surely, for every measure-preserving system…

Consider a totally irregular measure $\mu$ in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$, that is, the upper density $\limsup_{r\to0}\frac{\mu(B(x,r))}{(2r)^n}$ is positive $\mu$-a.e.\ in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$, and the lower density…

We characterize probability measure with finite moment of any order in terms of the symmetric difference operators of their Fourier transforms. By using our new characterization, we prove the continuity $f(t,v)\in C((0, \infty),L^1_{2k-2…

We present a finite-state, deterministic automaton that emulates the Collatz function through digitwise transitions on base-10 representations. Each digit is represented as a symbolic triplet (r, p, c) encoding its value, the parity of the…

Tao has recently proved that if $T_1,...,T_l$ are commuting, invertible, measure-preserving transformations on a dynamical system then for any $L^\infty$ functions $f_1,...,f_l$, the average $\frac{1}{N}\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}\prod_{i\leq…

Repeatedly adding or subtracting the digital reversal to or from an integer, depending on which one is larger, can be treated as a dynamical system. On one hand, a three-digit version of this map running only two steps is the 1089…

We show that natural noncommutative gauge theory models on $\mathbb{R}^3_\lambda$ can accommodate gauge invariant harmonic terms, thanks to the existence of a relationship between the center of $\mathbb{R}^3_\lambda$ and the components of…

Let $T:[0,1]^d \rightarrow[0,1]^d$ be a piecewise expanding map with an absolutely continuous (with respect to the $d$-dimensional Lebesgue measure $m_d$) $T$-invariant probability measure $\mu$. Let $\left\{\mathbf{r}_n\right\}$ be a…

We utilize Gaussian measure preserving systems to prove the existence and genericity of Lebesgue measure preserving transformations $T:[0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]$ which exhibit both mixing and rigidity behavior along families of asymptotically…

Let $T$ be a bijective map on $\mathbb{R}^n$ such that both $T$ and $T^{-1}$ are Borel measurable. For any $\btheta \in \mathbb{R}^n$ and any real $n \times n$ positive definite matrix $\Sigma,$ let $N (\btheta, \Sigma)$ denote the…

Set out here are some fundamental theories that may be regarded as newly discovered metamathematics of the odd integers in relation to the Collatz conjecture (also called the 3x+1 problem). Originally motivated by the requirement to invent…

Let an odd integer \(\mathcal{X}\) be expressed as $\left\{\sum\limits_{M > m}b_M2^M\right\}+2^m-1,$ where $b_M\in\{0,1\}$ and $2^m-1$ is referred to as the Governor. In Collatz-type functions, a high index Governor is eventually reduced to…

Using the Kaczmarz algorithm, we prove that for any singular Borel probability measure $\mu$ on $[0,1)$, every $f\in L^2(\mu)$ possesses a Fourier series of the form $f(x)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}c_ne^{2\pi inx}$. We show that the coefficients…

We consider a complete metric space $(X,d)$ and a countable number of contractive mappings on $X$, $\mathcal{F}=\{F_i:i\in\mathbb N\}$. We show the existence of a {\em smallest} invariant set (with respect to inclusion) for $\mathcal{F}$.…