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Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) yields measurement parameters (number of molecules, diffusion time) that characterize the concentration and kinetics of fluorescent molecules within a supposedly known observation volume. Absolute…

High-quality total scattering data, a key tool for understanding atomic-scale structure in disordered materials, require stable instrumentation and access to high momentum transfers. This is now routine at dedicated synchrotron…

Recent advancements in X-ray light sources at synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) present exciting opportunities to probe molecular chirality using novel nonlinear spectroscopies with element-sensitivity. Circular dichroism…

An x-ray free electron laser oscillator (XFELO) has been recently proposed [K. Kim, Y. Shvyd'ko, and S. Reiche, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 244802 (2008)]. Angular orientation and position in space of Bragg mirrors of the XFELO optical cavity…

Diagnosing free electron laser (FEL) polarization is critical for polarization-modulated research such as x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) diffraction imaging and probing material magnetism. In an electron time-of-flight (eTOF)\…

In single particle coherent x-ray diffraction imaging experiments, performed at x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), samples are exposed to intense x-ray pulses to obtain single-shot diffraction patterns. The high intensity induces…

For the SwissFEL project, an advanced high gradient low emittance gun is under development. Reliable operation with an electric field, preferably above 125 MV/m at a 4 mm gap, in the presence of an UV laser beam, has to be achieved in a…

Optical aberrations prevent telescopes from reaching their theoretical diffraction limit. Once estimated, these aberrations can be compensated for using deformable mirrors in a closed loop. Focal plane wavefront sensing enables the…

This paper discusses the potential for enhancing the LCLS hard X-ray FEL capabilities. In the hard X-ray regime, a high longitudinal coherence will be the key to such performance upgrade. The method considered here to obtain high…

X-ray free-electron lasers have had an enormous impact on x-ray science by achieving femtosecond pulses with unprecedented intensities. However, present-day facilities operating by the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) principle…

Synchrotron based photoemission electron microscopy with energy filter combines real space imaging with microprobe diffraction ($\mu$-ARPES), giving access to the local electronic structure of laterally inhomogeneous materials. We present…

The diffraction contrast modalities accessible by X-ray grating interferometers are not imaged directly but have to be inferred from sine like signal variations occurring in a series of images acquired at varying relative positions of the…

In a previous paper, we reviewed theoretically some of the available processing schemes for X-ray wavefront sensing based on random modulation. We here show experimental applications of the technique for characterising both refractive and…

Beamline alignment is challenging as the beamline components must be set up ideally so that the rays follow the desired optical path. Automated methods using a digital twin allow for faster diagnostics and improved beam properties compared…

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) contains a 3.5-GeV storage ring serving as a national X-ray synchrotron radiation user facility characterized by a low emittance and a low coupling. The stability and quality of the…

In astrophysics, several key questions in the hard X soft Gamma-ray range (above 100 keV) require sensitivity and angular resolution that are hardly achievable with current technologies. Therefore, a new kind of instrument able to focus…

The method of the optical approximation is used to estimate the high frequency impedances of different vacuum chamber transitions of the European XFEL beam line. The approximations of the longitudinal impedances are obtained in terms of…

With deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems like autonomous driving being wildly deployed but remaining largely opaque, developers frequently use explainable RL (XRL) tools to better understand and work with deep RL agents. However,…

We propose and theoretically demonstrate a technique that allows one to compensate for chromatic aberrations of traditional electron lenses in ultrafast electron microscopes. The technique is based on space- and time-dependent phase…

The need for precise manipulation of nanoparticles in gaseous or near-vacuum environments is encountered in many studies that include aerosol morphology, nanodroplet physics, nanoscale optomechanics, and biomolecular physics. Photophoretic…