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Enhancing the interpretability of graph neural networks (GNNs) is crucial to ensure their safe and fair deployment. Recent work has introduced self-explainable GNNs that generate explanations as part of training, improving both faithfulness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Fanzhen Liu , Xiaoxiao Ma , Jian Yang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Kristen Moore , Surya Nepal , Cecile Paris , Quan Z. Sheng , Jia Wu

We investigate the explainability of graph neural networks (GNNs) as a step toward elucidating their working mechanisms. While most current methods focus on explaining graph nodes, edges, or features, we argue that, as the inherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Shurui Gui , Hao Yuan , Jie Wang , Qicheng Lao , Kang Li , Shuiwang Ji

Massive deployment of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in high-stake applications generates a strong demand for explanations that are robust to noise and align well with human intuition. Most existing methods generate explanations by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Mohit Bajaj , Lingyang Chu , Zi Yu Xue , Jian Pei , Lanjun Wang , Peter Cho-Ho Lam , Yong Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) excel in graph-based learning tasks, but their complex, non-linear operations often render them as opaque "black boxes". This opacity hinders user trust, complicates debugging, bias detection, and adoption in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 TC Singh , Sougata Mukherjea

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) excel in delineating graph structures in diverse domains, including community analysis and recommendation systems. As the interpretation of GNNs becomes increasingly important, the demand for robust baselines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Ming-Yi Hong , Yi-Hsiang Huang , Shao-En Lin , You-Chen Teng , Chih-Yu Wang , Che Lin

Explaining Graph Neural Network (XGNN) has gained growing attention to facilitate the trust of using GNNs, which is the mainstream method to learn graph data. Despite their growing attention, Existing XGNNs focus on improving the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Jiate Li , Meng Pang , Yun Dong , Jinyuan Jia , Binghui Wang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are powerful graph-based machine-learning models that are popular in various domains, e.g., social media, transportation, and drug discovery. However, owing to complex data representations, GNNs do not easily…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Pantea Habibi , Peyman Baghershahi , Sourav Medya , Debaleena Chattopadhyay

Despite recent progress in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), explaining predictions made by GNNs remains a challenging open problem. The leading method independently addresses the local explanations (i.e., important subgraph structure and node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Dongsheng Luo , Wei Cheng , Dongkuan Xu , Wenchao Yu , Bo Zong , Haifeng Chen , Xiang Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have advanced significantly in handling graph-structured data, but a comprehensive framework for evaluating explainability remains lacking. Existing evaluation frameworks primarily involve post-hoc explanations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Magdalena Proszewska , N. Siddharth

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are gaining extensive attention for their application in graph data. However, the black-box nature of GNNs prevents users from understanding and trusting the models, thus hampering their applicability. Whereas…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Qizhang Feng , Ninghao Liu , Fan Yang , Ruixiang Tang , Mengnan Du , Xia Hu

We consider the explanation problem of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Most existing GNN explanation methods identify the most important edges or nodes but fail to consider substructures, which are more important for graph data. The only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Zhaoning Yu , Hongyang Gao

Graph data, with its structurally variable nature, represents complex real-world phenomena like chemical compounds, protein structures, and social networks. Traditional Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) primarily utilize the message-passing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Jianming Huang , Hiroyuki Kasai

Similarity search is a fundamental task for exploiting information in various applications dealing with graph data, such as citation networks or knowledge graphs. While this task has been intensively approached from heuristics to graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Daniel Daza , Cuong Xuan Chu , Trung-Kien Tran , Daria Stepanova , Michael Cochez , Paul Groth

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for learning from graph-structured data. However, even state-of-the-art architectures have limitations on what structures they can distinguish, imposing theoretical limits on what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Eren Akbiyik , Florian Grötschla , Beni Egressy , Roger Wattenhofer

Graph neural networks have become the de facto model for learning from structured data. However, the decision-making process of GNNs remains opaque to the end user, which undermines their use in safety-critical applications. Several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Michele Fontanesi , Alessio Micheli , Marco Podda , Domenico Tortorella

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are highly effective on a variety of graph-related tasks; however, they lack interpretability and transparency. Current explainability approaches are typically local and treat GNNs as black-boxes. They do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Han Xuanyuan , Pietro Barbiero , Dobrik Georgiev , Lucie Charlotte Magister , Pietro Lió

Graph learning algorithms have attained state-of-the-art performance on many graph analysis tasks such as node classification, link prediction, and clustering. It has, however, become hard to track the field's burgeoning progress. One…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Anton Tsitsulin , Benedek Rozemberczki , John Palowitch , Bryan Perozzi

Graph neural networks have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on knowledge graph tasks such as link prediction. However, interpreting GNN predictions remains a challenging open problem. While many GNN explainability methods have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Ryoji Kubo , Djellel Difallah

Diverse explainability methods of graph neural networks (GNN) have recently been developed to highlight the edges and nodes in the graph that contribute the most to the model predictions. However, it is not clear yet how to evaluate the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Kenza Amara , Mennatallah El-Assady , Rex Ying

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have attracted much attention due to their ability to leverage the intrinsic geometries of the underlying data. Although many different types of GNN models have been developed, with many benchmarking procedures…