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Heterogeneous graph neural networks (HGNs) are prominent approaches to node classification tasks on heterogeneous graphs. Despite the superior performance, insights about the predictions made from HGNs are obscure to humans. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Tong Li , Jiale Deng , Yanyan Shen , Luyu Qiu , Yongxiang Huang , Caleb Chen Cao

Following a fast initial breakthrough in graph based learning, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have reached a widespread application in many science and engineering fields, prompting the need for methods to understand their decision process.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Antonio Longa , Steve Azzolin , Gabriele Santin , Giulia Cencetti , Pietro Liò , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have boosted the performance for many graph-related tasks. Despite the great success, recent studies have shown that GNNs are highly vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where adversaries can mislead the GNNs'…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Wenqi Fan , Wei Jin , Xiaorui Liu , Han Xu , Xianfeng Tang , Suhang Wang , Qing Li , Jiliang Tang , Jianping Wang , Charu Aggarwal

Despite advances in the field of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), only a small number (~5) of datasets are currently used to evaluate new models. This continued reliance on a handful of datasets provides minimal insight into the performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-11 John Palowitch , Anton Tsitsulin , Brandon Mayer , Bryan Perozzi

Dynamic graphs are widely used to represent evolving real-world networks. Temporal Graph Neural Networks (TGNNs) have emerged as a powerful tool for processing such graphs, but the lack of transparency and explainability limits their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Xuyan Li , Jie Wang , Zheng Yan

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are effective for node classification in graph-structured data, but they lack explainability, especially at the global level. Current research mainly utilizes subgraphs of the input as local explanations or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Dominik Köhler , Stefan Heindorf

Explainable Graph Neural Network (GNN) has emerged recently to foster the trust of using GNNs. Existing GNN explainers are developed from various perspectives to enhance the explanation performance. We take the first step to study GNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jiate Li , Meng Pang , Yun Dong , Jinyuan Jia , Binghui Wang

Despite the increasing relevance of explainable AI, assessing the quality of explanations remains a challenging issue. Due to the high costs associated with human-subject experiments, various proxy metrics are often used to approximately…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Jonas Teufel , Luca Torresi , Pascal Friederich

To enhance the reliability and credibility of graph neural networks (GNNs) and improve the transparency of their decision logic, a new field of explainability of GNNs (XGNN) has emerged. However, two major limitations severely degrade the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Han Zhang , Yan Wang , Guanfeng Liu , Pengfei Ding , Huaxiong Wang , Kwok-Yan Lam

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are popular machine learning models for graphs with many applications across scientific domains. However, GNNs are considered black box models, and it is challenging to understand how the model makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Selahattin Akkas , Ariful Azad

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are powerful tools for conducting inference on graph data but are often seen as "black boxes" due to difficulty in extracting meaningful subnetworks driving predictive performance. Many interpretable GNN methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-17 Whitney Sloneker , Shalin Patel , Michael Wang , Lorin Crawford , Ritambhara Singh

Explanations on relational data are hard to verify since the explanation structures are more complex (e.g. graphs). To verify interpretable explanations (e.g. explanations of predictions made in images, text, etc.), typically human subjects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Abisha Thapa Magar , Anup Shakya , Somdeb Sarkhel , Deepak Venugopal

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are the predominant approach for graph-based machine learning. While neural networks have shown great performance at learning useful representations, they are often criticized for their limited high-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Markus Zopf , Francesco Alesiani

Vulnerability detection is crucial for ensuring the security and reliability of software systems. Recently, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a prominent code embedding approach for vulnerability detection, owing to their ability…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Zhaoyang Chu , Yao Wan , Qian Li , Yang Wu , Hongyu Zhang , Yulei Sui , Guandong Xu , Hai Jin

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are widely used in many modern applications, necessitating explanations for their decisions. However, the complexity of GNNs makes it difficult to explain predictions. Even though several methods have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Tien-Cuong Bui , Van-Duc Le , Wen-Syan Li , Sang Kyun Cha

Graphical models capture relations between entities in a wide range of applications including social networks, biology, and natural language processing, among others. Graph neural networks (GNN) are neural models that operate over graphs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Xu Zheng , Farhad Shirani , Tianchun Wang , Shouwei Gao , Wenqian Dong , Wei Cheng , Dongsheng Luo

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely deployed in various real-world applications. However, most GNNs are black-box models that lack explanations. One strategy to explain GNNs is through counterfactual explanation, which aims to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yinhan He , Wendy Zheng , Yaochen Zhu , Jing Ma , Saumitra Mishra , Natraj Raman , Ninghao Liu , Jundong Li

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) achieve strong performance on node classification tasks but remain difficult to interpret, particularly with respect to which input features drive their predictions. Existing global GNN explainers operate at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Rishi Raj Sahoo , Subhankar Mishra

Nowadays, deep prediction models, especially graph neural networks, have a majorplace in critical applications. In such context, those models need to be highlyinterpretable or being explainable by humans, and at the societal scope, this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Adrien Raison , Pascal Bourdon , David Helbert

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have proven their efficacy in a variety of real-world applications, but their underlying mechanisms remain a mystery. To address this challenge and enable reliable decision-making, many GNN explainers have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Yiqiao Li , Jianlong Zhou , Yifei Dong , Niusha Shafiabady , Fang Chen