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Diabetes is currently one of the most common, dangerous, and costly diseases in the world that is caused by an increase in blood sugar or a decrease in insulin in the body. Diabetes can have detrimental effects on people's health if…
Planning, implementation and evaluation of public health policies to control the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic require regular monitoring of disease burden. This includes the proportion living with HIV, whether diagnosed or…
In randomized studies evaluating treatments for tuberculosis (TB), individuals are scheduled to be routinely evaluated for the presence of TB using sputum cultures. One important endpoint in such studies is the time of culture conversion,…
Clinical trials often allow patients in the control arm to switch to the treatment arm if their physical conditions are worse than certain tolerance levels. For instance, treatment switching arises in the Concorde clinical trial, which aims…
Background and objective: Diabetes is one of the four leading causes of death worldwide, necessitating daily blood glucose monitoring. While sweat offers a promising non-invasive alternative for glucose monitoring, its application remains…
Aims: A common objective of epidemiological surveys is to provide population-level estimates of health indicators. Survey results tend to be biased under selective non-participation. One approach to bias reduction is to collect information…
South Africa's disability grants program is tied to its HIV/AIDS recovery program, such that individuals who are ill enough may qualify. Qualification is historically tied to a CD4 count of 200 cells/mm3, which improve when a person adheres…
Behavioral health interventions, such as trainings or incentives, are implemented in settings where individuals are interconnected, and the intervention assigned to some individuals may also affect others within their network. Evaluating…
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection has become one of the most challenging clinical situations to manage in HIV-infected patients. Recently the effect of HCV coinfection on HIV dynamics following initiation of highly active antiretroviral…
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are promising targets for vaccination and therapy against HIV. Passive infusions of bNAbs have shown promise in clinical trials as a potential alternative for anti-retroviral therapy. A key challenge…
In type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment, finding a safe and effective basal insulin dose is a challenge. The dose-response is highly individual and to ensure safety, people with T2D titrate by slowly increasing the daily insulin dose to meet…
Cross-sectional incidence estimation based on recency testing has become a widely used tool in HIV research. Recently, this method has gained prominence in HIV prevention trials to estimate the "placebo" incidence that participants might…
Violations of the positivity assumption can render conventional causal estimands unidentifiable, including the average treatment effect (ATE), the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), and the average treatment effect on the…
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition defined by end-organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. Although the Surviving Sepsis Campaign has launched and has been releasing sepsis treatment guidelines to unify and…
In many observational studies in social science and medicine, subjects or units are connected, and one unit's treatment and attributes may affect another's treatment and outcome, violating the stable unit treatment value assumption (SUTVA)…
We consider time to treatment initiation. This can commonly occur in preventive medicine, such as disease screening and vaccination; it can also occur with non-fatal health conditions such as HIV infection without the onset of AIDS. While…
Social context plays an important role in perpetuating or reducing HIV risk behaviors. This study analyzed the network and individual attributes that were associated with the likelihood that people who inject drugs (PWID) will engage in HIV…
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health challenge, and is compounded by co-morbidities such as HIV, diabetes, and anemia, which complicate treatment outcomes and contribute to heterogeneous patient responses. Traditional models of TB…
Backdoor attacks have become an emerging threat to NLP systems. By providing poisoned training data, the adversary can embed a "backdoor" into the victim model, which allows input instances satisfying certain textual patterns (e.g.,…
Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) provides highly conformal dose distributions through the application of multiple, angularly spaced fields, each applying an ad-hoc pattern of spatially varying particle fluences. In particular,…