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Background: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease presenting similar symptoms to pneumonia; therefore, differentiating between TB and pneumonia is challenging. Therefore, the main aim of this study is proposing…

HIV increases the likelihood that a person will develop TB. Starting them on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) reduces their risk of TB but not to the level in HIV negative people. Since HIV-positive people who are on ART can expect to live a…

The concentration of CD4 T-lymphocytes (CD4 count), in a person's plasma is widely used to decide when to start HIV-positive people on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and to predict the impact of ART on the future course of HIV and…

The past decade has seen tremendous progress in the development of biomedical agents that are effective as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. To expand the choice of products and delivery methods, new medications and…

This document provides responses to the FDA's request for public comments (Docket No FDA 2023 N 4853) on the role of digital health technologies (DHTs) in detecting prediabetes and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. It explores current DHT…

The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and incremental net benefit (INB) are widely used for cost-effectiveness analysis. We develop methods for estimation and inference for the ICER and INB which use the semiparametric stratified…

The ISCHEMIA Trial randomly assigned patients with ischemic heart disease to an invasive treatment strategy centered on revascularization with a control group assigned non-invasive medical therapy. As is common in such ``strategy trials,''…

A treatment benefit predictor (TBP) is a function that maps patient characteristics to an estimate of the treatment benefit for that patient. Such predictors support optimizing individualized treatment decisions, which are central to…

There are limited options to estimate the treatment effects of variables which are continuous and measured at multiple time points, particularly if the true dose-response curve should be estimated as closely as possible. However, these…

Dose-finding clinical trials in oncology aim to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a new drug, generally defined by the proportion of patients with short-term dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Model-based approaches for such phase…

Access and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed the face of HIV infection from a fatal to a chronic disease. However, ART is also known for its side effects. Studies have reported that ART is associated with depressive…

The positivity assumption is central in the identification of a causal effect, and especially the stochastic variant is an issue many applied researchers face, yet is rarely discussed, especially in conjunction with continuous treatments or…

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the standard for evaluating the effectiveness of clinical interventions. To address the limitations of RCTs on real-world populations, we developed a methodology that uses a large observational…

HIV pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has become essential for global HIV control, but its implementation coincides with rising bacterial STI rates among men who have sex with men (MSM). While risk-compensation behavioral changes like reduced…

Dosage schedule of the Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) is critical for gastric acid disorder treatment. In this paper, we develop a constrained optimization based approach for scheduling the PPIs dosage. In particular, we exploit a…

HIV is a deadly virus transmitted either through having of unprotected sex, mother to child transmission, sharing of unsterilized objects that is capable of making cut or wounds on the body, through blood or bodily fluid transmission. AIDS…

Conventional planning objectives in optimization of intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment (IMRT) plans are designed to minimize the violation of dose-volume histogram (DVH) thresholds using penalty functions. Although successful in…

Phase I dose-escalation trials constitute the first step in investigating the safety of potentially promising drugs in humans. Conventional methods for phase I dose-escalation trials are based on a single treatment schedule only. More…

In placebo-controlled randomized trials, the post-randomization use of concomitant medications may be higher in the placebo arm than in the treatment arm. This may dilute the full benefits of the randomized drug as estimated by the…

The weighted average treatment effect (WATE) is a causal measure for the comparison of interventions in a specific target population, which may be different from the population where data are sampled from. For instance, when the goal is to…