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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in natural language reasoning, yet their application to Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) remains limited. CTI analysis involves distilling large volumes of unstructured…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Md Tanvirul Alam , Dipkamal Bhusal , Salman Ahmad , Nidhi Rastogi , Peter Worth

The increasingly sophisticated and growing number of threat actors along with the sheer speed at which cyber attacks unfold, make timely identification of attacks imperative to an organisations' security. Consequently, persons responsible…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Clemens Sauerwein , Alexander Pfohl

In recent days, the amount of Cyber Security text data shared via social media resources mainly Twitter has increased. An accurate analysis of this data can help to develop cyber threat situational awareness framework for a cyber threat.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Simran K , Prathiksha Balakrishna , Vinayakumar R , Soman KP

The lack of high-quality public cyber incident data limits empirical research and predictive modeling for cyber risk assessment. This challenge persists due to the reluctance of companies to disclose incidents that could damage their…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-03-20 Jiayi Guo , Zhiyu Quan , Linfeng Zhang

The cyberthreat landscape is continuously evolving. Hence, continuous monitoring and sharing of threat intelligence have become a priority for organizations. Threat reports, published by cybersecurity vendors, contain detailed descriptions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Md Rayhanur Rahman , Laurie Williams

We demonstrate how AI-powered cybersecurity tools can be turned against themselves through prompt injection attacks. Prompt injection is reminiscent of cross-site scripting (XSS): malicious text is hidden within seemingly trusted content,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Víctor Mayoral-Vilches , Per Mannermaa Rynning

Attack knowledge graph construction seeks to convert textual cyber threat intelligence (CTI) reports into structured representations, portraying the evolutionary traces of cyber attacks. Even though previous research has proposed various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Yongheng Zhang , Tingwen Du , Yunshan Ma , Xiang Wang , Yi Xie , Guozheng Yang , Yuliang Lu , Ee-Chien Chang

Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) analysts must answer complex questions over large collections of narrative security reports. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems help language models access external knowledge, but traditional vector…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Dzenan Hamzic , Florian Skopik , Max Landauer , Markus Wurzenberger , Andreas Rauber

Cyber-attack attribution is an important process that allows experts to put in place attacker-oriented countermeasures and legal actions. The analysts mainly perform attribution manually, given the complex nature of this task. AI and, more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Pritam Deka , Sampath Rajapaksha , Ruby Rani , Amirah Almutairi , Erisa Karafili

This letter addresses essential aspects of threat assessment by proposing intent-driven threat models that incorporate both capabilities and intents. We propose a holistic framework for cyber physical awareness (CPA) in space networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Selen Gecgel Cetin , Tolga Ovatman , Gunes Karabulut Kurt

Threat analysis is continuously growing in importance due to the always-increasing complexity and frequency of cyber attacks. Analyzing threats demands significant effort from security experts: different cybersecurity knowledge bases…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Andrea Ciavotta , Alessandro Palma , Simone Lenti , Silvia Bonomi

Cybersecurity superintelligence -- artificial intelligence exceeding the best human capability in both speed and strategic reasoning -- represents the next frontier in security. This paper documents the emergence of such capability through…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often fine-tuned to adapt their general-purpose knowledge to specific tasks and domains such as cyber threat intelligence (CTI). Fine-tuning is mostly done through proprietary datasets that may contain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Shashie Dilhara Batan Arachchige , Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao , Hassan Jameel Asghar , Dinusha Vatsalan , Dali Kaafar

The early detection of cybersecurity events such as attacks is challenging given the constantly evolving threat landscape. Even with advanced monitoring, sophisticated attackers can spend as many as 146 days in a system before being…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Sandeep Narayanan , Ashwinkumar Ganesan , Karuna Joshi , Tim Oates , Anupam Joshi , Tim Finin

Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) reports are factual records compiled by security analysts through their observations of threat events or their own practical experience with attacks. In order to utilize CTI reports for attack detection,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Wenrui Cheng , Tiantian Zhu , Tieming Chen , Qixuan Yuan , Jie Ying , Hongmei Li , Chunlin Xiong , Mingda Li , Mingqi Lv , Yan Chen

The escalating frequency and sophistication of cyber threats increased the need for their comprehensive understanding. This paper explores the intersection of geopolitical dynamics, cyber threat intelligence analysis, and advanced detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Gustavo Sánchez , Ghada Elbez , Veit Hagenmeyer

Open source intelligence is a powerful tool for cybersecurity analysts to gather information both for analysis of discovered vulnerabilities and for detecting novel cybersecurity threats and exploits. However the scale of information that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Elijah Pelofske , Lorie M. Liebrock , Vincent Urias

Knowledge graphs have shown promise for several cybersecurity tasks, such as vulnerability assessment and threat analysis. In this work, we present a new method for constructing a vulnerability knowledge graph from information in the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Anders Mølmen Høst , Pierre Lison , Leon Moonen

A key countermeasure in cybersecurity has been the development of standardized computational protocols for modeling and sharing cyber threat intelligence (CTI) between organizations, enabling a shared understanding of threats and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Felipe Sánchez González , Javier Pastor-Galindo , José A. Ruipérez-Valiente

To improve cyber threat analysis practices in cybersecurity, I present a plan to build a formal ontological representation of state actors in cyberspace and of cyber operations. I argue that modelling these phenomena via ontologies allows…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Giacomo De Colle