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Backpropagation of error (backprop) is a powerful algorithm for training machine learning architectures through end-to-end differentiation. However, backprop is often criticised for lacking biological plausibility. Recently, it has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Beren Millidge , Alexander Tschantz , Christopher L. Buckley

The de facto algorithm for training the back pass of a feedforward neural network is backpropagation (BP). The use of almost-everywhere differentiable activation functions made it efficient and effective to propagate the gradient backwards…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-14 John Waldo

Back-propagation is a popular machine learning algorithm that uses gradient descent in training neural networks for supervised learning, but can be very slow. A number of algorithms have been developed to speed up convergence and improve…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Ho Ling Li

End-to-end training with full-depth backpropagation remains the dominant paradigm for optimizing deep neural networks, but its efficiency deteriorates as models grow deeper. Since every block must be executed and differentiated under a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuming Zhang , Peizhe Wang , Tianyang Han , Hengyu Shi , Junhao Su , Dongzhi Guan , Jiabin Liu , Jiaji Wang

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are more suitable for learning non-linear dependencies in dynamical systems from observed time series data. In practice all the external variables driving such systems are not known a priori, especially in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Mhlasakululeka Mvubu , Emmanuel Kabuga , Christian Plitz , Bubacarr Bah , Ronnie Becker , Hans Georg Zimmermann

Despite being the cornerstone of deep learning, backpropagation is criticized for its inherent sequentiality, which can limit the scalability of very deep models. Such models faced convergence issues due to vanishing gradient, later…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Erwan Fagnou , Paul Caillon , Blaise Delattre , Alexandre Allauzen

Recurrent neural networks trained with the backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm have led to astounding successes in various temporal tasks. However, BPTT introduces severe limitations, such as the requirement to propagate…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Thomas Ortner , Lorenzo Pes , Joris Gentinetta , Charlotte Frenkel , Angeliki Pantazi

We propose Beam Tree Recursive Cell (BT-Cell) - a backpropagation-friendly framework to extend Recursive Neural Networks (RvNNs) with beam search for latent structure induction. We further extend this framework by proposing a relaxation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jishnu Ray Chowdhury , Cornelia Caragea

In many real-world applications, fully-differentiable RNNs such as LSTMs and GRUs have been widely deployed to solve time series learning tasks. These networks train via Backpropagation Through Time, which can work well in practice but…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Matthew Evanusa , Snehesh Shrestha , Michelle Girvan , Cornelia Fermüller , Yiannis Aloimonos

Despite all the impressive advances of recurrent neural networks, sequential data is still in need of better modelling. Truncated backpropagation through time (TBPTT), the learning algorithm most widely used in practice, suffers from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Asier Mujika , Florian Meier , Angelika Steger

Recurrent Networks are one of the most powerful and promising artificial neural network algorithms to processing the sequential data such as natural languages, sound, time series data. Unlike traditional feed-forward network, Recurrent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-11 Pushparaja Murugan

We present PredRNN++, an improved recurrent network for video predictive learning. In pursuit of a greater spatiotemporal modeling capability, our approach increases the transition depth between adjacent states by leveraging a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Yunbo Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Mingsheng Long , Jianmin Wang , Philip S. Yu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated state-of-the-art results in a number of autonomous system applications, however many of the underlying algorithms rely on black-box predictions. This results in poor explainability of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Matt Benatan , Edward O. Pyzer-Knapp

We propose proximal backpropagation (ProxProp) as a novel algorithm that takes implicit instead of explicit gradient steps to update the network parameters during neural network training. Our algorithm is motivated by the step size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-02-21 Thomas Frerix , Thomas Möllenhoff , Michael Moeller , Daniel Cremers

To learn useful dynamics on long time scales, neurons must use plasticity rules that account for long-term, circuit-wide effects of synaptic changes. In other words, neural circuits must solve a credit assignment problem to appropriately…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-05-30 Owen Marschall , Kyunghyun Cho , Cristina Savin

Echo State Networks (ESNs) are a special type of the temporally deep network model, the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), where the recurrent matrix is carefully designed and both the recurrent and input matrices are fixed. An ESN uses the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-11-14 Hamid Palangi , Li Deng , Rabab K Ward

Recurrent spiking neural networks (RSNNs) can be implemented very efficiently in neuromorphic systems. Nevertheless, training of these models with powerful gradient-based learning algorithms is mostly performed on standard digital hardware…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Maximilian Baronig , Yeganeh Bahariasl , Ozan Özdenizci , Robert Legenstein

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are well suited for solving sequence tasks in resource-constrained systems due to their expressivity and low computational requirements. However, there is still a need to bridge the gap between what RNNs are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Anand Subramoney , Khaleelulla Khan Nazeer , Mark Schöne , Christian Mayr , David Kappel

This paper shows that a new type of artificial neural network (ANN) -- the Simultaneous Recurrent Network (SRN) -- can, if properly trained, solve a difficult function approximation problem which conventional ANNs -- either feedforward or…

adap-org · Physics 2007-05-23 X. Pang , P. Werbos

Backpropagation (BP) of errors is the backbone training algorithm for artificial neural networks (ANNs). It updates network weights through gradient descent to minimize a loss function representing the mismatch between predictions and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-13 Davide Casnici , Charlotte Frenkel , Justin Dauwels