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In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to legal documents. The use of convolutional and recurrent neural networks along with word embedding techniques have presented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Mariana Y. Noguti , Eduardo Vellasques , Luiz S. Oliveira

Predictive coding has been widely used in legal matters to find relevant or privileged documents in large sets of electronically stored information. It saves the time and cost significantly. Logistic Regression (LR) and Support Vector…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Fusheng Wei , Han Qin , Shi Ye , Haozhen Zhao

In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), predicting judicial outcomes poses significant challenges due to the complexity of legal proceedings and the scarcity of expert-annotated datasets. Addressing this, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Anurag Sharma , Danush Khanna , Noel Shallum , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Arnab Bhattacharya

Recent advances in language modelling has significantly decreased the need of labelled data in text classification tasks. Transformer-based models, pre-trained on unlabeled data, can outmatch the performance of models trained from scratch…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Mariana Yukari Noguti , Edduardo Vellasques , Luiz Eduardo Soares Oliveira

In recent years,the entire field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has enjoyed amazing novel results achieving almost human-like performance on a variety of tasks. Legal NLP domain has also been part of this process, as it has seen an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Mihai Masala , Traian Rebedea , Horia Velicu

Limited public understanding of legal processes and inconsistent verdicts in the Indonesian court system led to widespread dissatisfaction and increased stress on judges. This study addresses these issues by developing a deep learning-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Muhammad Amien Ibrahim , Alif Tri Handoyo , Maria Susan Anggreainy

Multiple defendants in a criminal fact description generally exhibit complex interactions, and cannot be well handled by existing Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) methods which focus on predicting judgment results (e.g., law articles,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Yougang Lyu , Jitai Hao , Zihan Wang , Kai Zhao , Shen Gao , Pengjie Ren , Zhumin Chen , Fang Wang , Zhaochun Ren

The investigation of legal judgment prediction (LJP), such as sentencing prediction, has attracted broad attention for its potential to promote judicial fairness, making the accuracy and reliability of its computation result an increasingly…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-11-20 Ruifen Dai , Xin Zheng , Fang Wang , Lei Guo

Recent work has demonstrated how data-driven AI methods can leverage consumer protection by supporting the automated analysis of legal documents. However, a shortcoming of data-driven approaches is poor explainability. We posit that in this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Federico Ruggeri , Francesca Lagioia , Marco Lippi , Paolo Torroni

The research field of Legal Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been very active recently, with Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) becoming one of the most extensively studied tasks. To date, most publicly released LJP datasets originate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Gil Semo , Dor Bernsohn , Ben Hagag , Gila Hayat , Joel Niklaus

In this paper, we investigate the application of text classification methods to support law professionals. We present several experiments applying machine learning techniques to predict with high accuracy the ruling of the French Supreme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-10-26 Octavia-Maria Sulea , Marcos Zampieri , Shervin Malmasi , Mihaela Vela , Liviu P. Dinu , Josef van Genabith

Legal systems worldwide continue to struggle with overwhelming caseloads, limited judicial resources, and growing complexities in legal proceedings. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising solution, with Legal Judgment Prediction…

Given the fact description text of a legal case, legal judgment prediction (LJP) aims to predict the case's charge, law article and penalty term. A core problem of LJP is how to distinguish confusing legal cases, where only subtle text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Leilei Gan , Baokui Li , Kun Kuang , Yating Zhang , Lei Wang , Luu Anh Tuan , Yi Yang , Fei Wu

Predicting the judgment of a legal case from its unannotated case facts is a challenging task. The lengthy and non-uniform document structure poses an even greater challenge in extracting information for decision prediction. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Nishchal Prasad , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufiq Dkaki

The escalating number of pending cases is a growing concern world-wide. Recent advancements in digitization have opened up possibilities for leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the processing of legal documents. Adopting a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Subinay Adhikary , Sagnik Das , Sagnik Saha , Procheta Sen , Dwaipayan Roy , Kripabandhu Ghosh

Deep learning has made significant progress in the past decade, and demonstrates potential to solve problems with extensive social impact. In high-stakes decision making areas such as law, experts often require interpretability for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Chu Fei Luo , Rohan Bhambhoria , Samuel Dahan , Xiaodan Zhu

Research has shown that Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) can be effectively applied to text classification as part of a predictive coding protocol. That said, most research to date has been conducted on data sets with short documents…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-12-23 Robert Keeling , Rishi Chhatwal , Nathaniel Huber-Fliflet , Jianping Zhang , Fusheng Wei , Haozhen Zhao , Shi Ye , Han Qin

Current legal outcome prediction models - a staple of legal NLP - do not explain their reasoning. However, to employ these models in the real world, human legal actors need to be able to understand the model's decisions. In the case of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Josef Valvoda , Ryan Cotterell

The advent of machine learning techniques has made it possible to obtain predictive systems that have overturned traditional legal practices. However, rather than leading to systems seeking to replace humans, the search for the determinants…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Fabrice Muhlenbach , Long Nguyen Phuoc , Isabelle Sayn

Legal Article Prediction (LAP) is a critical task in legal text classification, leveraging natural language processing (NLP) techniques to automatically predict relevant legal articles based on the fact descriptions of cases. As a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Xiao Chi , Wenlin Zhong , Yiquan Wu , Wei Wang , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu , Minghui Xiong