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Program representation learning is a fundamental task in software engineering applications. With the availability of "big code" and the development of deep learning techniques, various program representation learning models have been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Siqi Han , DongXia Wang , Wanting Li , Xuesong Lu

Code completion aims at speeding up code writing by predicting the next code token(s) the developer is likely to write. Works in this field focused on improving the accuracy of the generated predictions, with substantial leaps forward made…

Transformer, an attention-based encoder-decoder model, has already revolutionized the field of natural language processing (NLP). Inspired by such significant achievements, some pioneering works have recently been done on employing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Yang Liu , Yao Zhang , Yixin Wang , Feng Hou , Jin Yuan , Jiang Tian , Yang Zhang , Zhongchao Shi , Jianping Fan , Zhiqiang He

Token representation strategies within large-scale neural architectures often rely on contextually refined embeddings, yet conventional approaches seldom encode structured relationships explicitly within token interactions. Self-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 James Blades , Frederick Somerfield , William Langley , Susan Everingham , Maurice Witherington

Leveraging user-provided translation to constrain NMT has practical significance. Existing methods can be classified into two main categories, namely the use of placeholder tags for lexicon words and the use of hard constraints during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-17 Kai Song , Yue Zhang , Heng Yu , Weihua Luo , Kun Wang , Min Zhang

Existing large language model-based code generation pipelines typically use beam search or sampling algorithms during the decoding process. Although the programs they generate achieve high token-matching-based scores, they often fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Shun Zhang , Zhenfang Chen , Yikang Shen , Mingyu Ding , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Chuang Gan

Transformer-based end-to-end speech recognition has achieved great success. However, the large footprint and computational overhead make it difficult to deploy these models in some real-world applications. Model compression techniques can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Yifan Peng , Jaesong Lee , Shinji Watanabe

Learning vector representations for programs is a critical step in applying deep learning techniques for program understanding tasks. Various neural network models are proposed to learn from tree-structured program representations, e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Wenhan Wang , Kechi Zhang , Ge Li , Shangqing Liu , Anran Li , Zhi Jin , Yang Liu

Language model approaches have recently been integrated into binary analysis tasks, such as function similarity detection and function signature recovery. These models typically employ a two-stage training process: pre-training via Masked…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Hanxiao Lu , Hongyu Cai , Yiming Liang , Antonio Bianchi , Z. Berkay Celik

When trained on language data, do transformers learn some arbitrary computation that utilizes the full capacity of the architecture or do they learn a simpler, tree-like computation, hypothesized to underlie compositional meaning systems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Shikhar Murty , Pratyusha Sharma , Jacob Andreas , Christopher D. Manning

Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Salman Khan , Muzammal Naseer , Munawar Hayat , Syed Waqas Zamir , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Mubarak Shah

Transformer-based models have demonstrated significant success in various source code representation tasks. Nonetheless, traditional positional embeddings employed by these models inadequately capture the hierarchical structure intrinsic to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Patryk Bartkowiak , Filip Graliński

Transformers, as the fundamental deep learning architecture, have demonstrated great capability in reasoning. This paper studies the generalizable first-order logical reasoning ability of transformers with their parameterized knowledge and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Tianshi Zheng , Jiazheng Wang , Zihao Wang , Jiaxin Bai , Hang Yin , Zheye Deng , Yangqiu Song , Jianxin Li

Transformer architectures have revolutionized machine learning across a wide range of domains, from natural language processing to scientific computing. However, their growing deployment in high-stakes applications, such as computer vision,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Trishit Mondal , Ameya D. Jagtap

Large language models have transformed AI-assisted software engineering, but current research remains biased toward high-resource languages such as Python, with weaker performance in languages like Rust and OCaml. Since real-world systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Chao Jiang , Dugang Liu , Cheng Wen , Zhiwu Xu , Hua Zheng , Muhammad Sadiq , Jawwad Ahmed Shamsi , Shengchao Qin , Zhong Ming

Transformer-based models have revolutionized the field of natural language processing. To understand why they perform so well and to assess their reliability, several studies have focused on questions such as: Which linguistic properties…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Akhilesh Aravapalli , Mounika Marreddy , Radhika Mamidi , Manish Gupta , Subba Reddy Oota

Transformers have impressive generalization capabilities on tasks with a fixed context length. However, they fail to generalize to sequences of arbitrary length, even for seemingly simple tasks such as duplicating a string. Moreover, simply…

We live in a world where 60% of the population can speak two or more languages fluently. Members of these communities constantly switch between languages when having a conversation. As automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are being…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Siddharth Dalmia , Yuzong Liu , Srikanth Ronanki , Katrin Kirchhoff

Transformer network architecture has proven effective in speech enhancement. However, as its core module, self-attention suffers from quadratic complexity, making it infeasible for training on long speech utterances. In practical scenarios,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Qiquan Zhang , Hongxu Zhu , Xinyuan Qian , Eliathamby Ambikairajah , Haizhou Li

Recent developments in reasoning capabilities have enabled large language models to solve increasingly complex mathematical, symbolic, and logical tasks. Interestingly, while reasoning models are often trained to generate monolingual text,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Eleanor M. Lin , David Jurgens