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While smart contracts are foundational elements of blockchain applications, their inherent susceptibility to security vulnerabilities poses a significant challenge. Existing training datasets employed for vulnerability detection tools may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Cuong Tran Manh , Hieu Dinh Vo

Large language models exhibit sophisticated capabilities, yet understanding how they work internally remains a central challenge. A fundamental obstacle is that training selects for behavior, not circuitry, so many weight configurations can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Joshua S. Schiffman

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various software engineering tasks, including error detection, clone detection, and code translation, primarily leveraging high-resource programming languages like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Razan Baltaji , Saurabh Pujar , Louis Mandel , Martin Hirzel , Luca Buratti , Lav Varshney

The research community has proposed copious modifications to the Transformer architecture since it was introduced over three years ago, relatively few of which have seen widespread adoption. In this paper, we comprehensively evaluate many…

With the ever-increasing complexity of neural language models, practitioners have turned to methods for understanding the predictions of these models. One of the most well-adopted approaches for model interpretability is feature-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Muhammad Bilal Zafar , Michele Donini , Dylan Slack , Cédric Archambeau , Sanjiv Das , Krishnaram Kenthapadi

Code intelligence plays a key role in transforming modern software engineering. Recently, deep learning-based models, especially Transformer-based large language models (LLMs), have demonstrated remarkable potential in tackling these tasks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Nghi D. Q. Bui , Hung Le , Yue Wang , Junnan Li , Akhilesh Deepak Gotmare , Steven C. H. Hoi

Transformer-based language models often achieve strong results on mathematical reasoning benchmarks while remaining fragile on basic numerical understanding and arithmetic operations. A central limitation is that numbers are processed as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Andreea Dutulescu , Stefan Ruseti , Mihai Dascalu

Code-switching is a common phenomenon among multilingual speakers, where alternation between two or more languages occurs within the context of a single conversation. While multilingual humans can seamlessly switch back and forth between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Thamme Gowda , Mozhdeh Gheini , Jonathan May

We investigate how code obfuscation influences human understanding of programs through an output-prediction task. To study this effect, we construct multiple levels of obfuscation, ranging from unobfuscated code to transformations involving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Anh H. N. Nguyen , Jack Le , Ilse Lahnstein Coronado , Tien N. Nguyen

Despite achieving impressive results on standard benchmarks, large foundational models still struggle against code-switching test cases. When data scarcity cannot be used as the usual justification for poor performance, the reason may lie…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Alexander Waibel

Transformer networks have seen great success in natural language processing and machine vision, where task objectives such as next word prediction and image classification benefit from nuanced context sensitivity across high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yuxuan Li , James L. McClelland

Transformer architectures have achieved remarkable success across language, vision, and multimodal tasks, and there is growing demand for them to address in-context compositional learning tasks. In these tasks, models solve the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Wei Chen , Jingxi Yu , Zichen Miao , Qiang Qiu

Language models have proven successful across a wide range of software engineering tasks, but their significant computational costs often hinder their practical adoption. To address this challenge, researchers have begun applying various…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Giordano d'Aloisio , Luca Traini , Federica Sarro , Antinisca Di Marco

Code summarization (CS) is becoming a promising area in recent language understanding, which aims to generate sensible human language automatically for programming language in the format of source code, serving in the most convenience of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Hongqiu Wu , Hai Zhao , Min Zhang

Transformers have significantly impacted domains like natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, where they improve performance compared to other neural networks. This survey explores how transformers are used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Pranav Agarwal , Aamer Abdul Rahman , Pierre-Luc St-Charles , Simon J. D. Prince , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou

Code optimization is the process of enhancing code efficiency, while preserving its intended functionality. This process often requires a deep understanding of the code execution behavior at run-time to identify and address inefficiencies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Federico Di Menna , Luca Traini , Gabriele Bavota , Vittorio Cortellessa

Currently, a growing number of mature natural language processing applications make people's life more convenient. Such applications are built by source code - the language in software engineering. However, the applications for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Ahmed Elnaggar , Wei Ding , Llion Jones , Tom Gibbs , Tamas Feher , Christoph Angerer , Silvia Severini , Florian Matthes , Burkhard Rost

Transformer-based models have been achieving state-of-the-art results in several fields of Natural Language Processing. However, its direct application to speech tasks is not trivial. The nature of this sequences carries problems such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Gerard Sant , Gerard I. Gállego , Belen Alastruey , Marta R. Costa-Jussà

Programming language understanding and representation (a.k.a code representation learning) has always been a hot and challenging task in software engineering. It aims to apply deep learning techniques to produce numerical representations of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Weisong Sun , Chunrong Fang , Yun Miao , Yudu You , Mengzhe Yuan , Yuchen Chen , Quanjun Zhang , An Guo , Xiang Chen , Yang Liu , Zhenyu Chen

Code-switching is a prevalent linguistic phenomenon in which multilingual individuals seamlessly alternate between languages. Despite its widespread use online and recent research trends in this area, research in code-switching presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Frances A. Laureano De Leon , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Mark Lee