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Rooted phylogenetic networks are often constructed by combining trees, clusters, triplets or characters into a single network that in some well-defined sense simultaneously represents them all. We review these four models and investigate…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2010-04-30 Leo van Iersel , Steven Kelk

Recently, so-called treebased phylogenetic networks have gained considerable interest in the literature, where a treebased network is a network that can be constructed from a phylogenetic tree, called the base tree, by adding additional…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2019-11-28 Mareike Fischer , Michelle Galla , Lina Herbst , Yangjing Long , Kristina Wicke

Phylogenetic networks are mathematical structures for modeling and visualization of reticulation processes in the study of evolution. Galled networks, reticulation visible networks, nearly-stable networks and stable-child networks are the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2015-10-02 Andreas D. M. Gunawan , Louxin Zhang

A tree-based network $N$ on $X$ is called universal if every phylogenetic tree on $X$ is a base tree for $N$. Recently, binary universal tree-based networks have attracted great attention in the literature and their existence has been…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-01-20 Mareike Fischer , Michelle Galla , Kristina Wicke

A classical problem in phylogenetic tree analysis is to decide whether there is a phylogenetic tree $T$ that contains all information of a given collection $\cP$ of phylogenetic trees. If the answer is "yes" we say that $\cP$ is compatible…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-06-29 Stefan Grünewald

In evolutionary biology, networks are becoming increasingly used to represent evolutionary histories for species that have undergone non-treelike or reticulate evolution. Such networks are essentially directed acyclic graphs with a leaf set…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-23 Katharina T. Huber , Leo van Iersel , Vincent Moulton , Guillaume Scholz

Inference of phylogenetic networks is of increasing interest in the genomic era. However, the extent to which phylogenetic networks are identifiable from various types of data remains poorly understood, despite its crucial role in…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-05-01 Elizabeth S. Allman , Cecile Ane , Hector Banos , John A. Rhodes

A rooted phylogenetic network is a directed acyclic graph with a single root, whose sinks correspond to a set of species. As such networks are useful for representing the evolution of species that have undergone reticulate evolution, there…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-06-28 Vincent Moulton , Taoyang Wu

Phylogenetic networks are graphs that are used to represent evolutionary relationships between different taxa. They generalize phylogenetic trees since for example, unlike trees, they permit lineages to combine. Recently, there has been…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-05 Katharina T. Huber , Leo van Iersel , Mark Jones , Vincent Moulton , Leonie Veenema - Nipius

We present the first fixed-parameter algorithm for constructing a tree-child phylogenetic network that displays an arbitrary number of binary input trees and has the minimum number of reticulations among all such networks. The algorithm…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Leo van Iersel , Remie Janssen , Mark Jones , Yukihiro Murakami , Norbert Zeh

Galled trees are studied as a recombination model in population genetics. This class of phylogenetic networks is generalized into tree-child, galled and reticulation-visible network classes by relaxing a structural condition imposed on…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-02-28 Gabriel Cardona , Louxin Zhang

Tree-child networks are one of the most prominent network classes for modeling evolutionary processes which contain reticulation events. Several recent studies have addressed counting questions for {\it bicombining tree-child networks}…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-16 Yu-Sheng Chang , Michael Fuchs , Hexuan Liu , Michael Wallner , Guan-Ru Yu

Normal networks are an important class of phylogenetic networks that have compelling mathematical properties which align with intuition about inference from genetic data. While tools enabling widespread use of phylogenetic networks in the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Andrew Francis , Charles Semple

Phylogenetic networks are often constructed by merging multiple conflicting phylogenetic signals into a directed acyclic graph. It is interesting to explore whether a network constructed in this way induces biologically-relevant…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-07-13 Steven Kelk , Fabio Pardi , Celine Scornavacca , Leo van Iersel

Rooted acyclic graphs appear naturally when the phylogenetic relationship of a set $X$ of taxa involves not only speciations but also recombination, horizontal transfer, or hybridization, that cannot be captured by trees. A variety of…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-04-29 Marc Hellmuth , David Schaller , Peter F. Stadler

A directed phylogenetic network is tree-child if every non-leaf vertex has a child that is not a reticulation. As a class of directed phylogenetic networks, tree-child networks are very useful from a computational perspective. For example,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Leo van Iersel , Mark Jones , Simone Linz , Norbert Zeh

Phylogenetic networks generalize evolutionary trees, and are commonly used to represent evolutionary histories of species that undergo reticulate evolutionary processes such as hybridization, recombination and lateral gene transfer.…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2012-10-02 Leo van Iersel , Vincent Moulton

Phylogenetic networks generalize phylogenetic trees, and have been introduced in order to describe evolution in the case of transfer of genetic material between coexisting species. There are many classes of phylogenetic networks, which can…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-13 Mathilde Bouvel , Philippe Gambette , Marefatollah Mansouri

Many classes of phylogenetic networks have been proposed in the literature. A feature of several of these classes is that if one restricts a network in the class to a subset of its leaves, then the resulting network may no longer lie within…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-24 Michael Fuchs , Mike Steel

A normal (phylogenetic) network with $k$ reticulations displays $2^k$ phylogenetic trees. In this paper, we establish an analogous result for tree-child (phylogenetic) networks with no underlying $3$-cycles. In particular, we show that a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-20 Charles Semple , Kristina Wicke