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Deep Neural Networks can generalize despite being significantly overparametrized. Recent research has tried to examine this phenomenon from various view points and to provide bounds on the generalization error or measures predictive of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Parth Natekar , Manik Sharma

In this paper, we study the generalization capabilities of geometric graph neural networks (GNNs). We consider GNNs over a geometric graph constructed from a finite set of randomly sampled points over an embedded manifold with topological…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-10 Zhiyang Wang , Juan Cervino , Alejandro Ribeiro

The fundamental learning theory behind neural networks remains largely open. What classes of functions can neural networks actually learn? Why doesn't the trained network overfit when it is overparameterized? In this work, we prove that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li , Yingyu Liang

One of the most surprising puzzles in neural network generalisation is grokking: a network with perfect training accuracy but poor generalisation will, upon further training, transition to perfect generalisation. We propose that grokking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Vikrant Varma , Rohin Shah , Zachary Kenton , János Kramár , Ramana Kumar

We study the generalization capabilities of Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs), a prevalent class of Graph Neural Networks (GNN). We derive generalization bounds specifically for MPNNs with normalized sum aggregation and mean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Sohir Maskey , Gitta Kutyniok , Ron Levie

Reasoning is a fundamental capability of AI agents. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable abilities to perform reasoning tasks. However, numerous evaluations of the reasoning capabilities of LLMs have also showed some…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Changnan Xiao , Bing Liu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) exhibit an exceptional capacity for generalization in practical applications. This work aims to capture the effect and benefits of depth for supervised learning via information-theoretic generalization bounds. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Haiyun He , Ziv Goldfeld

We study regularization in the context of small sample-size learning with over-parameterized neural networks. Specifically, we shift focus from architectural properties, such as norms on the network weights, to properties of the internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Christoph D. Hofer , Florian Graf , Marc Niethammer , Roland Kwitt

This paper focuses on understanding how the generalization error scales with the amount of the training data for deep neural networks (DNNs). Existing techniques in statistical learning require computation of capacity measures, such as VC…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Devansh Bisla , Apoorva Nandini Saridena , Anna Choromanska

Recent theoretical work has established connections between over-parametrized neural networks and linearized models governed by he Neural Tangent Kernels (NTKs). NTK theory leads to concrete convergence and generalization results, yet the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Yu Bai , Jason D. Lee

Deep neural networks (DNNs) generalize remarkably well without explicit regularization even in the strongly over-parametrized regime where classical learning theory would instead predict that they would severely overfit. While many…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-23 Guillermo Valle-Pérez , Chico Q. Camargo , Ard A. Louis

The formal reasoning capabilities of LLMs are crucial for advancing automated software engineering. However, existing benchmarks for LLMs lack systematic evaluation based on computation and complexity, leaving a critical gap in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yihong Dong , Jianha Xiao , Xue Jiang , Xuyuan Guo , Zhiyuan Fan , Jiaru Qian , Kechi Zhang , Jia Li , Zhi Jin , Ge Li

Transformer-based models excel in various tasks but their generalization capabilities, especially in arithmetic reasoning, remain incompletely understood. Arithmetic tasks provide a controlled framework to explore these capabilities, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xingcheng Xu , Zibo Zhao , Haipeng Zhang , Yanqing Yang

Large language models exhibit surprising emergent generalization properties, yet also struggle on many simple reasoning tasks such as arithmetic and parity. This raises the question of if and when Transformer models can learn the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Hattie Zhou , Arwen Bradley , Etai Littwin , Noam Razin , Omid Saremi , Josh Susskind , Samy Bengio , Preetum Nakkiran

Neural networks have achieved remarkable success in many cognitive tasks. However, when they are trained sequentially on multiple tasks without access to old data, their performance on early tasks tend to drop significantly. This problem is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Dong Yin , Mehrdad Farajtabar , Ang Li , Nir Levine , Alex Mott

A key challenge facing deep learning is that neural networks are often not robust to shifts in the underlying data distribution. We study this problem from the perspective of the statistical concept of parameter identification.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Kan Xu , Hamsa Bastani , Osbert Bastani

Deep neural networks often generalize well despite heavy over-parameterization, challenging classical parameter-based analyses. We study generalization from a representation-centric perspective and analyze how the geometry of learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Junjie Yu , Zhuoli Ouyang , Haotian Deng , Chen Wei , Wenxiao Ma , Jianyu Zhang , Zihan Deng , Quanying Liu

Transformer networks have seen great success in natural language processing and machine vision, where task objectives such as next word prediction and image classification benefit from nuanced context sensitivity across high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yuxuan Li , James L. McClelland

Deep neural networks (NN) have achieved great success in many applications. However, why do deep neural networks obtain good generalization at an over-parameterization regime is still unclear. To better understand deep NN, we establish the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-02 Yueming Lyu , Ivor Tsang

The paper uses statistical and differential geometric motivation to acquire prior information about the learning capability of an artificial neural network on a given dataset. The paper considers a broad class of neural networks with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Ankan Dutta , Arnab Rakshit