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The success of AlphaZero (AZ) has demonstrated that neural-network-based Go AIs can surpass human performance by a large margin. Given that the state space of Go is extremely large and a human player can play the game from any legal state,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Li-Cheng Lan , Huan Zhang , Ti-Rong Wu , Meng-Yu Tsai , I-Chen Wu , Cho-Jui Hsieh

The AlphaZero/MuZero (A/MZ) family of algorithms has achieved remarkable success across various challenging domains by integrating Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with learned models. Learned models introduce epistemic uncertainty, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yaniv Oren , Viliam Vadocz , Matthijs T. J. Spaan , Wendelin Böhmer

AlphaZero in 2017 was able to master chess and other games without human knowledge by playing millions of games against itself (self-play), with a computation budget running in the tens of millions of dollars. It used a variant of the Monte…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Ameya Joshi

We consider the task of building strong but human-like policies in multi-agent decision-making problems, given examples of human behavior. Imitation learning is effective at predicting human actions but may not match the strength of expert…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Athul Paul Jacob , David J. Wu , Gabriele Farina , Adam Lerer , Hengyuan Hu , Anton Bakhtin , Jacob Andreas , Noam Brown

Simultaneous AlphaZero extends the AlphaZero framework to multistep, two-player zero-sum deterministic Markov games with simultaneous actions. At each decision point, joint action selection is resolved via matrix games whose payoffs…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Tyler Becker , Zachary Sunberg

Artificial intelligence for card games has long been a popular topic in AI research. In recent years, complex card games like Mahjong and Texas Hold'em have been solved, with corresponding AI programs reaching the level of human experts.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Chang Lei , Huan Lei

The combination of self-play and planning has achieved great successes in sequential games, for instance in Chess and Go. However, adapting algorithms such as AlphaZero to simultaneous games poses a new challenge. In these games, missing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yannik Mahlau , Frederik Schubert , Bodo Rosenhahn

Deep reinforcement learning repeatedly succeeds in closed, well-defined domains such as games (Chess, Go, StarCraft). The next frontier is real-world scenarios, where setups are numerous and varied. For this, agents need to learn the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Andreea Deac , Théophane Weber , George Papamakarios

Games are abstractions of the real world, where artificial agents learn to compete and cooperate with other agents. While significant achievements have been made in various perfect- and imperfect-information games, DouDizhu (a.k.a. Fighting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Daochen Zha , Jingru Xie , Wenye Ma , Sheng Zhang , Xiangru Lian , Xia Hu , Ji Liu

Game solving aims to find the optimal strategies for all players and determine the theoretical outcome of a game. However, due to the exponential growth of game trees, many games remain unsolved, even though methods like AlphaZero have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Chi-Huang Lin , Ting Han Wei , Chun-Jui Wang , Hung Guei , Chung-Chin Shih , Yun-Jui Tsai , I-Chen Wu , Ti-Rong Wu

AlphaZero has achieved impressive performance in deep reinforcement learning by utilizing an architecture that combines search and training of a neural network in self-play. Many researchers are looking for ways to reproduce and improve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Hui Wang , Mike Preuss , Aske Plaat

Using a model of the environment, reinforcement learning agents can plan their future moves and achieve superhuman performance in board games like Chess, Shogi, and Go, while remaining relatively sample-efficient. As demonstrated by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Julien Scholz , Cornelius Weber , Muhammad Burhan Hafez , Stefan Wermter

Decision-making agents with planning capabilities have achieved huge success in the challenging domain like Chess, Shogi, and Go. In an effort to generalize the planning ability to the more general tasks where the environment dynamics are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Xuxi Yang , Werner Duvaud , Peng Wei

The combination of deep reinforcement learning and search at both training and test time is a powerful paradigm that has led to a number of successes in single-agent settings and perfect-information games, best exemplified by AlphaZero.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Noam Brown , Anton Bakhtin , Adam Lerer , Qucheng Gong

A core novelty of Alpha Zero is the interleaving of tree search and deep learning, which has proven very successful in board games like Chess, Shogi and Go. These games have a discrete action space. However, many real-world reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-25 Thomas M. Moerland , Joost Broekens , Aske Plaat , Catholijn M. Jonker

Tactical decision making for autonomous driving is challenging due to the diversity of environments, the uncertainty in the sensor information, and the complex interaction with other road users. This paper introduces a general framework for…

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS)-based algorithms, such as MuZero and its derivatives, have achieved widespread success in various decision-making domains. These algorithms employ the reanalyze process to enhance sample efficiency from stale…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Chunyu Xuan , Yazhe Niu , Yuan Pu , Shuai Hu , Yu Liu , Jing Yang

Solving jigsaw puzzles requires to grasp the visual features of a sequence of patches and to explore efficiently a solution space that grows exponentially with the sequence length. Therefore, visual deep reinforcement learning (DRL) should…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Marie-Morgane Paumard , Hedi Tabia , David Picard

While a large number of algorithms for optimizing quantum dynamics for different objectives have been developed, a common limitation is the reliance on good initial guesses, being either random or based on heuristics and intuitions. Here we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-27 Mogens Dalgaard , Felix Motzoi , Jens Jakob Sorensen , Jacob Sherson

Recent years have witnessed significant progress in reinforcement learning, especially with Zero-like paradigms, which have greatly boosted the generalization and reasoning abilities of large-scale language models. Nevertheless, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Ruitong Li , Aisheng Mo , Guowei Su , Ru Zhang , Binjie Guo , Haohan Jiang , Xurong Lin , Hongyan Wei , Jie Li , Zhiyuan Qian , Zhuhao Zhang , Xiaoyuan Cheng