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A recent trend in explainable AI research has focused on surrogate modeling, where neural networks are approximated as simpler ML algorithms such as kernel machines. A second trend has been to utilize kernel functions in various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Andrew Engel , Zhichao Wang , Natalie S. Frank , Ioana Dumitriu , Sutanay Choudhury , Anand Sarwate , Tony Chiang

The ``Neural Tangent Kernel'' (NTK) (Jacot et al 2018), and its empirical variants have been proposed as a proxy to capture certain behaviors of real neural networks. In this work, we study NTKs through the lens of scaling laws, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Nikhil Vyas , Yamini Bansal , Preetum Nakkiran

For certain infinitely-wide neural networks, the neural tangent kernel (NTK) theory fully characterizes generalization, but for the networks used in practice, the empirical NTK only provides a rough first-order approximation. Still, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Guillermo Ortiz-Jiménez , Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Pascal Frossard

Recently, neural tangent kernel (NTK) has been used to explain the dynamics of learning parameters of neural networks, at the large width limit. Quantitative analyses of NTK give rise to network widths that are often impractical and incur…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Nir Ailon , Supratim Shit

We explore the equivalence between neural networks and kernel methods by deriving the first exact representation of any finite-size parametric classification model trained with gradient descent as a kernel machine. We compare our exact…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Brian Bell , Michael Geyer , David Glickenstein , Amanda Fernandez , Juston Moore

Neural tangent kernels (NTKs) are a powerful tool for analyzing deep, non-linear neural networks. In the infinite-width limit, NTKs can easily be computed for most common architectures, yielding full analytic control over the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Max Guillen , Philipp Misof , Jan E. Gerken

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) characterizes the behavior of infinitely wide neural nets trained under least squares loss by gradient descent. However, despite its importance, the super-quadratic runtime of kernel methods limits the use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Amir Zandieh

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), defined as $\Theta_\theta^f(x_1, x_2) = \left[\partial f(\theta, x_1)\big/\partial \theta\right] \left[\partial f(\theta, x_2)\big/\partial \theta\right]^T$ where $\left[\partial f(\theta,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Roman Novak , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Samuel S. Schoenholz

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) characterizes the behavior of infinitely-wide neural networks trained under least squares loss by gradient descent. Recent works also report that NTK regression can outperform finitely-wide neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Amir Zandieh , Insu Han , Haim Avron , Neta Shoham , Chaewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin

Recent theoretical works based on the neural tangent kernel (NTK) have shed light on the optimization and generalization of over-parameterized networks, and partially bridge the gap between their practical success and classical learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-10 Kyung-Su Kim , Aurélie C. Lozano , Eunho Yang

Neural tangent kernels (NTKs) have been proposed to study the behavior of trained neural networks from the perspective of Gaussian processes. An important result in this body of work is the theorem of equivalence between a trained neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-22 Haoran Liu , Anthony Tai , David J. Crandall , Chunfeng Huang

This paper demonstrates that in classification problems, fully connected neural networks (FCNs) and residual neural networks (ResNets) cannot be approximated by kernel logistic regression based on the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zixiong Yu , Songtao Tian , Guhan Chen

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) has emerged as a powerful tool to provide memorization, optimization and generalization guarantees in deep neural networks. A line of work has studied the NTK spectrum for two-layer and deep networks with at…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-23 Simone Bombari , Mohammad Hossein Amani , Marco Mondelli

Recent work by Jacot et al. (2018) has shown that training a neural network using gradient descent in parameter space is related to kernel gradient descent in function space with respect to the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK). Lee et al. (2019)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-26 Soufiane Hayou , Arnaud Doucet , Judith Rousseau

Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) is widely used to analyze overparametrized neural networks due to the famous result by Jacot et al. (2018): in the infinite-width limit, the NTK is deterministic and constant during training. However, this result…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Mariia Seleznova , Gitta Kutyniok

This paper establishes rates of universal approximation for the shallow neural tangent kernel (NTK): network weights are only allowed microscopic changes from random initialization, which entails that activations are mostly unchanged, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Ziwei Ji , Matus Telgarsky , Ruicheng Xian

The Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) has recently attracted intense study, as it describes the evolution of an over-parameterized Neural Network (NN) trained by gradient descent. However, it is now well-known that gradient descent is not always…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Lei Tan , Shutong Wu , Xiaolin Huang

Recent research shows that the following two models are equivalent: (a) infinitely wide neural networks (NNs) trained under l2 loss by gradient descent with infinitesimally small learning rate (b) kernel regression with respect to so-called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Sanjeev Arora , Simon S. Du , Zhiyuan Li , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Ruosong Wang , Dingli Yu

Given the complexity of genetic risk prediction, there is a critical need for the development of novel methodologies that can effectively capture intricate genotype--phenotype relationships (e.g., nonlinear) while remaining statistically…

Applications · Statistics 2025-10-03 Heng Ge , Qing Lu

The neural tangent kernel (NTK) has garnered significant attention as a theoretical framework for describing the behavior of large-scale neural networks. Kernel methods are theoretically well-understood and as a result enjoy algorithmic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Jonathan Wenger , Felix Dangel , Agustinus Kristiadi
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