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Related papers: Power analyses for stepped wedge designs with mult…

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When observations are independent, formulae and software are readily available to plan and design studies of appropriate size and power to detect important associations. When observations are correlated or clustered, results obtained from…

Applications · Statistics 2021-03-15 David M. Thompson

Stepped wedge designs (SWDs) are increasingly used to evaluate longitudinal cluster-level interventions but pose substantial challenges for valid inference. Because crossover times are randomized, intervention effects are intrinsically…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Fan Xia , K. C. Gary Chan , Emily Voldal , Avi Kenny , Patrick J. Heagerty , James P. Hughes

Stepped wedge cluster-randomized trial (CRTs) designs randomize clusters of individuals to intervention sequences, ensuring that every cluster eventually transitions from a control period to receive the intervention under study by the end…

Stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trials (SW-CRTs) are widely used in healthcare and implementation science, providing an ethical advantage by ensuring all clusters eventually receive the intervention. The staggered rollout of treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-03 Xi Fang , Xueqi Wang , Patrick J. Heagerty , Bingkai Wang , Fan Li

A stepped wedge design is a unidirectional crossover design where clusters are randomized to distinct treatment sequences. While model-based analysis of stepped wedge designs is standard practice to evaluate treatment effects accounting for…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-13 Bingkai Wang , Xueqi Wang , Fan Li

Cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) are widely used to evaluate group-level interventions and increasingly collect multiple outcomes capturing complementary dimensions of benefit and risk. Investigators often seek a single global summary of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Xinyuan Chen , Fan Li

Numerous publications have now addressed the principles of designing, analyzing, and reporting the results of, stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials. In contrast, there is little research available pertaining to the design and analysis of…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-06-29 Michael Grayling , Adrian Mander , James Wason

Recently, methodology was presented to facilitate the incorporation of interim analyses in stepped-wedge (SW) cluster randomised trials (CRTs). Here, we extend this previous discussion. We detail how the stopping boundaries, allocation…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-03-28 Michael Grayling , David Robertson , James Wason , Adrian Mander

Stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs) evaluate interventions rolled out across clusters over time. Standard analyses typically use immediate-treatment (IT) models, which assume effects begin at crossover and remain constant…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-21 Yongdong Ouyang , Monica Taljaard , James P. Hughes , Fan Li

Stepped wedge cluster randomized trials (SWCRTs) often face challenges with potential confounding by time trends. Traditional frequentist methods can fail to provide adequate coverage of the intervention's true effect using confidence…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-02 Danni Wu , Hyung G. Park , Corita R. Grudzen , Keith S. Goldfeld

Linear mixed models are commonly used in analyzing stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs). A key consideration for analyzing a SW-CRT is accounting for the potentially complex correlation structure, which can be achieved by…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-21 Yongdong Ouyang , Monica Taljaard , Andrew B Forbes , Fan Li

Hybrid studies allow investigators to simultaneously study an intervention effectiveness outcome and an implementation research outcome. In particular, type 2 hybrid studies support research that places equal importance on both outcomes…

Stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs) are traditionally analyzed with models that assume an immediate and sustained treatment effect. Previous work has shown that making such an assumption in the analysis of SW-CRTs when the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-08 Kenneth M. Lee , Elizabeth L. Turner , Avi Kenny

Causal inference in the presence of intermediate variables is a challenging problem in many applications. Principal stratification (PS) provides a framework to estimate principal causal effects (PCE) in such settings. However, existing PS…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-20 Lei Yang , Michael J. Daniels , Fan Li

The traditional model specification of stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trials assumes a homogeneous treatment effect across time while adjusting for fixed-time effects. However, when treatment effects vary over time, the constant effect…

The ability to accurately estimate the sample size required by a stepped-wedge (SW) cluster randomized trial (CRT) routinely depends upon the specification of several nuisance parameters. If these parameters are mis-specified, the trial…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-10-10 Michael Grayling , Adrian Mander , James Wason

Typically, trials investigate the impact of either an individual-level intervention on participant outcomes, or the impact of a cluster-level intervention on participant outcomes. Factorial designs consider two (or more) treatments for each…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-04 Rhys Bowden , Rebecca Walwyn , Jessica Kasza , Andrew Copas , Fan Li , James Wason , Andrew Forbes

Cluster algorithms are increasingly popular in biomedical research due to their compelling ability to identify discrete subgroups in data, and their increasing accessibility in mainstream software. While guidelines exist for algorithm…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-26 E. S. Dalmaijer , C. L. Nord , D. E. Astle

Sample size calculations can be challenging with skewed continuous outcomes in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Standard t-test-based calculations may require data transformation, which may be difficult before data collection.…

Both cluster randomized trials and quasi-experimental designs are used to evaluate the impact of health and social policies and interventions. Stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials randomize a staggered adoption approach, while recent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-15 Haidong Lu , Gregg S. Gonsalves , Fan Li , Guanyu Tong , Lee Kennedy-Shaffer