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Forest-based methods have recently gained in popularity for non-parametric treatment effect estimation. Building on this line of work, we introduce causal survival forests, which can be used to estimate heterogeneous treatment effects in a…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-01 Yifan Cui , Michael R. Kosorok , Erik Sverdrup , Stefan Wager , Ruoqing Zhu

Determining subgroups that respond especially well (or poorly) to specific interventions (medical or policy) requires new supervised learning methods tailored specifically for causal inference. Bayesian Causal Forest (BCF) is a recent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-16 Nikolay Krantsevich , Jingyu He , P. Richard Hahn

Causal inference from observational data requires untestable identification assumptions. If these assumptions apply, machine learning (ML) methods can be used to study complex forms of causal effect heterogeneity. Recently, several ML…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-20 Richard Post , Isabel van den Heuvel , Marko Petkovic , Edwin van den Heuvel

We apply causal forests to a dataset derived from the National Study of Learning Mindsets, and consider resulting practical and conceptual challenges. In particular, we discuss how causal forests use estimated propensity scores to be more…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-21 Susan Athey , Stefan Wager

This paper provides a link between causal inference and machine learning techniques - specifically, Classification and Regression Trees (CART) - in observational studies where the receipt of the treatment is not randomized, but the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Giorgio Gnecco

In many clinical contexts, estimating effects of treatment in time-to-event data is complicated not only by confounding, censoring, and heterogeneity, but also by the presence of a cured subpopulation in which the event of interest never…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-06 Yuqi Li , Quinn Lanners , Matthew M. Engelhard

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE) for survival outcomes has gained increasing attention, as it captures the variation in treatment efficacy across patients or subgroups in delaying disease progression. However, most existing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-27 Na Bo , Ying Ding

Estimation of causal effects is the core objective of many scientific disciplines. However, it remains a challenging task, especially when the effects are estimated from observational data. Recently, several promising machine learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-02 Niki Kiriakidou , Christos Diou

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) from right-censored survival data is critical in high-stakes applications such as precision medicine and individualized policy-making. Yet, the survival analysis setting poses unique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Shahriar Noroozizadeh , Xiaobin Shen , Jeremy C. Weiss , George H. Chen

In this paper we present a data-adaptive estimation procedure for estimation of average treatment effects in a time-to-event setting based on generalized random forests. In these kinds of settings, the definition of causal effect parameters…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-28 Helene C. W. Rytgaard , Claus T. Ekstrøm , Lars V. Kessing , Thomas A. Gerds

Learning heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) is an important problem across many fields. Most existing methods consider the setting with a single treatment arm and a single outcome metric. However, in many real world domains, experiments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-13 Leon Yao , Caroline Lo , Israel Nir , Sarah Tan , Ariel Evnine , Adam Lerer , Alex Peysakhovich

Recently, from the personalized medicine perspective, there has been an increased demand to identify subgroups of subjects for whom treatment is effective. Consequently, the estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) has been…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-02 Ryoma Hieda , Shintaro Yuki , Kensuke Tanioka , Hiroshi Yadohisa

This work demonstrates how mixed effects random forests enable accurate predictions of depression severity using multimodal physiological and digital activity data collected from an 8-week study involving 31 patients with major depressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Robert A. Lewis , Asma Ghandeharioun , Szymon Fedor , Paola Pedrelli , Rosalind Picard , David Mischoulon

This paper introduces a novel approach for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects of binary treatment in panel data, particularly focusing on short panel data with large cross-sectional data and observed confoundings. In contrast to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-05 Meijia Wang , Ignacio Martinez , P. Richard Hahn

In causal inference, estimating heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) is critical for identifying how different subgroups respond to interventions, with broad applications in fields such as precision medicine and personalized advertising.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jiehui Zhou , Linxiao Yang , Xingyu Liu , Xinyue Gu , Liang Sun , Wei Chen

The causal effect of a treatment can vary from person to person based on their individual characteristics and predispositions. Mining for patterns of individual-level effect differences, a problem known as heterogeneous treatment effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Christopher Tran , Elena Zheleva

Heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) are commonly identified during randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Identifying subgroups of patients with similar treatment effects is of high interest in clinical research to advance precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Peniel N. Argaw , Elizabeth Healey , Isaac S. Kohane

In this paper, we propose the use of causal inference techniques for survival function estimation and prediction for subgroups of the data, upto individual units. Tree ensemble methods, specifically random forests were modified for this…

Econometrics · Economics 2018-03-23 Vikas Ramachandra

Healthcare decision-making requires not only accurate predictions but also insights into how factors influence patient outcomes. While traditional Machine Learning (ML) models excel at predicting outcomes, such as identifying high risk…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Sheresh Zahoor , Pietro Liò , Gaël Dias , Mohammed Hasanuzzaman

Uncovering causal effects in multiple treatment setting at various levels of granularity provides substantial value to decision makers. Comprehensive machine learning approaches to causal effect estimation allow to use a single causal…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-02-17 Michael Lechner , Jana Mareckova