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Modern DRAM chips are subject to read disturbance errors. State-of-the-art read disturbance mitigations rely on accurate and exhaustive characterization of the read disturbance threshold (RDT) (e.g., the number of aggressor row activations…

Rowhammer is a security vulnerability that allows unauthorized attackers to induce errors within DRAM cells. To prevent fault injections from escalating to successful attacks, a widely accepted mitigation is implementing fault checks on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Kemal Derya , M. Caner Tol , Berk Sunar

Rowhammer is a hardware vulnerability in DRAM memory, where repeated access to memory can induce bit flips in neighboring memory locations. Being a hardware vulnerability, rowhammer bypasses all of the system memory protection, allowing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Zhi Zhang , Yueqiang Cheng , Dongxi Liu , Surya Nepal , Zhi Wang , Yuval Yarom

Rowhammer is a serious security problem of contemporary dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) where reads or writes of bits can flip other bits. DRAM manufacturers add mitigations, but don't disclose details, making it difficult for customers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Amir Naseredini , Martin Berger , Matteo Sammartino , Shale Xiong

The increasing density of modern DRAM has heightened its vulnerability to Rowhammer attacks, which induce bit flips by repeatedly accessing specific memory rows. This paper presents an analysis of bit flip patterns generated by advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Andrew Adiletta , Zane Weissman , Fatemeh Khojasteh Dana , Berk Sunar , Shahin Tajik

This dissertation rigorously characterizes many modern commodity DRAM devices and shows that by exploiting DRAM access timing margins within manufacturer-recommended DRAM timing specifications, we can significantly improve system…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Jeremie S. Kim

The Rowhammer bug allows unauthorized modification of bits in DRAM cells from unprivileged software, enabling powerful privilege-escalation attacks. Sophisticated Rowhammer countermeasures have been presented, aiming at mitigating the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-01 Daniel Gruss , Moritz Lipp , Michael Schwarz , Daniel Genkin , Jonas Juffinger , Sioli O'Connell , Wolfgang Schoechl , Yuval Yarom

Rowhammer is a read disturbance vulnerability in modern DRAM that causes bit-flips, compromising security and reliability. While extensively studied on Intel and AMD CPUs with DDR and LPDDR memories, its impact on GPUs using GDDR memories,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Chris S. Lin , Joyce Qu , Gururaj Saileshwar

Read disturbance in modern DRAM chips is a widespread phenomenon and is reliably used for breaking memory isolation, a fundamental building block for building robust systems. RowHammer and RowPress are two examples of read disturbance in…

Inter-VM RowHammer is an attack that induces a bitflip beyond the boundaries of virtual machines (VMs) to compromise a VM from another, and some software-based techniques have been proposed to mitigate this attack. Evaluating these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Hidemasa Kawasaki , Soramichi Akiyama

Processing-using-DRAM (PuD) is a promising paradigm for alleviating the data movement bottleneck using DRAM's massive internal parallelism and bandwidth to execute very wide operations. Performing a PuD operation involves activating…

Rowhammer is a well-studied DRAM phenomenon wherein multiple activations to a given row can cause bit flips in adjacent rows. Many mitigation techniques have been introduced to address Rowhammer, with some support being incorporated into…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Maccoy Merrell , Daniel Puckett , Gino Chacon , Jeffrey Stuecheli , Stavros Kalafatis , Paul V. Gratz

Rowhammer is a critical vulnerability in dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that continues to pose a significant threat to various systems. However, we find that conventional load-based attacks are becoming highly ineffective on the most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Weijie Chen , Shan Tang , Yulin Tang , Xiapu Luo , Yinqian Zhang , Weizhong Qiang

Recent advancements in side-channel attacks have revealed the vulnerability of modern Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to malicious adversarial weight attacks. The well-studied RowHammer attack has effectively compromised DNN performance by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Ranyang Zhou , Jacqueline T. Liu , Sabbir Ahmed , Shaahin Angizi , Adnan Siraj Rakin

DRAM is the primary technology used for main memory in modern systems. Unfortunately, as DRAM scales down to smaller technology nodes, it faces key challenges in both data integrity and latency, which strongly affect overall system…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Hasan Hassan

This paper provides the fundamental mechanisms of two types of row activation-induced bit flips and proposes in-DRAM protection techniques. RowBleed occurs when a victim row experiences charge leakage due to transistor's threshold voltage…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Seungki Hong , Dongha Kim , Jaehyung Lee , Reum Oh , Changsik Yoo , Sangjoon Hwang , Jooyoung Lee

This paper challenges the existing victim-focused counter-based RowHammer detection mechanisms by experimentally demonstrating a novel multi-sided fault injection attack technique called Threshold Breaker. This mechanism can effectively…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Ranyang Zhou , Jacqueline Liu , Sabbir Ahmed , Nakul Kochar , Adnan Siraj Rakin , Shaahin Angizi

RowHammer vulnerabilities pose a significant threat to modern DRAM-based systems, where rapid activation of DRAM rows can induce bit-flips in neighboring rows. To mitigate this, state-of-the-art host-side RowHammer mitigations typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jeonghyun Woo , Prashant J. Nair

In recent years, Rowhammer has attracted significant attention from academia and industry alike. This technique, first published in 2014, flips bits in memory by repeatedly accessing neighbouring memory locations. Since its discovery,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Robert Dumitru , Junpeng Wan , Daniel Genkin , Rick Kennell , Dave , Tian , Yuval Yarom

We experimentally demonstrate a new widespread read disturbance phenomenon, ColumnDisturb, in real commodity DRAM chips. By repeatedly opening or keeping a DRAM row (aggressor row) open, we show that it is possible to disturb DRAM cells…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-20 İsmail Emir Yüksel , Ataberk Olgun , F. Nisa Bostancı , Haocong Luo , A. Giray Yağlıkçı , Onur Mutlu