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The popular softmax loss and its recent extensions have achieved great success in the deep learning-based image classification. However, the data for training image classifiers usually has different quality. Ignoring such problem, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Weihua Liu , Xiabi Liu , Murong Wang , Ling Ma

The softmax function is widely used in artificial neural networks for the multiclass classification problems, where the softmax transformation enforces the output to be positive and sum to one, and the corresponding loss function allows to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Shaoshi Sun , Zhenyuan Zhang , BoCheng Huang , Pengbin Lei , Jianlin Su , Shengfeng Pan , Jiarun Cao

Cross-entropy loss together with softmax is arguably one of the most common used supervision components in convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Despite its simplicity, popularity and excellent performance, the component does not explicitly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-21 Weiyang Liu , Yandong Wen , Zhiding Yu , Meng Yang

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained with logistic and softmax losses have made significant advancement in visual recognition tasks in computer vision. When training data exhibit class imbalances, the class-wise reweighted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Xiangrui Li , Xin Li , Deng Pan , Dongxiao Zhu

Softmax function is widely used in artificial neural networks for multiclass classification, multilabel classification, attention mechanisms, etc. However, its efficacy is often questioned in literature. The log-softmax loss has been shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Kunal Banerjee , Vishak Prasad C , Rishi Raj Gupta , Karthik Vyas , Anushree H , Biswajit Mishra

In recent years, the performance of face verification systems has significantly improved using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). A typical pipeline for face verification includes training a deep network for subject classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-09 Rajeev Ranjan , Carlos D. Castillo , Rama Chellappa

In recent years, the softmax model and its fast approximations have become the de-facto loss functions for deep neural networks when dealing with multi-class prediction. This loss has been extended to language modeling and recommendation,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-19 Ugo Tanielian , Flavian Vasile

Deep classifiers have achieved great success in visual recognition. However, real-world data is long-tailed by nature, leading to the mismatch between training and testing distributions. In this paper, we show that the Softmax function,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Jiawei Ren , Cunjun Yu , Shunan Sheng , Xiao Ma , Haiyu Zhao , Shuai Yi , Hongsheng Li

Normalization methods improve both optimization and generalization of ConvNets. To further boost performance, the recently-proposed switchable normalization (SN) provides a new perspective for deep learning: it learns to select different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Wenqi Shao , Tianjian Meng , Jingyu Li , Ruimao Zhang , Yudian Li , Xiaogang Wang , Ping Luo

The Softmax loss is one of the most widely employed surrogate objectives for classification and ranking tasks. To elucidate its theoretical properties, the Fenchel-Young framework situates it as a canonical instance within a broad family of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yuanhao Pu , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

One of the main challenges for feature representation in deep learning-based classification is the design of appropriate loss functions that exhibit strong discriminative power. The classical softmax loss does not explicitly encourage…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Xiong Zhou , Xianming Liu , Deming Zhai , Junjun Jiang , Xin Gao , Xiangyang Ji

In order to push the performance on realistic computer vision tasks, the number of classes in modern benchmark datasets has significantly increased in recent years. This increase in the number of classes comes along with increased ambiguity…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-04-14 Maksim Lapin , Matthias Hein , Bernt Schiele

Recently, the robustness of deep learning models has received widespread attention, and various methods for improving model robustness have been proposed, including adversarial training, model architecture modification, design of loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Hao Wang , Chen Li , Jinzhe Jiang , Xin Zhang , Yaqian Zhao , Weifeng Gong

Recently, fully-connected and convolutional neural networks have been trained to achieve state-of-the-art performance on a wide variety of tasks such as speech recognition, image classification, natural language processing, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-02-24 Yichuan Tang

We consider the problem of linear classification under general loss functions in the limited-data setting. Overfitting is a common problem here. The standard approaches to prevent overfitting are dimensionality reduction and regularization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Deepayan Chakrabarti

Top-k error is currently a popular performance measure on large scale image classification benchmarks such as ImageNet and Places. Despite its wide acceptance, our understanding of this metric is limited as most of the previous research is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-12-19 Maksim Lapin , Matthias Hein , Bernt Schiele

Loss functions play a key role in training superior deep neural networks. In convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the popular cross entropy loss together with softmax does not explicitly guarantee minimization of intra-class variance or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-26 XiaoBin Li , WeiQiang Wang

Face recognition has witnessed significant progress due to the advances of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the central task of which is how to improve the feature discrimination. To this end, several margin-based (\textit{e.g.},…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Xiaobo Wang , Shifeng Zhang , Shuo Wang , Tianyu Fu , Hailin Shi , Tao Mei

Recent studies have shown that regularization techniques using soft labels, e.g., label smoothing, Mixup, and CutMix, not only enhance image classification accuracy but also mitigate miscalibration due to overconfident predictions, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Jonghyun Park , Juyeop Kim , Jong-Seok Lee

The softmax function is a fundamental building block of deep neural networks, commonly used to define output distributions in classification tasks or attention weights in transformer architectures. Despite its widespread use and proven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Wojciech Masarczyk , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Tin Sum Cheng , Tomasz Trzciński , Aurelien Lucchi , Razvan Pascanu
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