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Fine-tuning unlocks large language models (LLMs) for specialized applications, but its high computational cost often puts it out of reach for resource-constrained organizations. While cloud platforms could provide the needed resources, data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zihan Liu , Yizhen Wang , Rui Wang , Xiu Tang , Sai Wu

We introduce Split Unlearning, a novel machine unlearning technology designed for Split Learning (SL), enabling the first-ever implementation of Sharded, Isolated, Sliced, and Aggregated (SISA) unlearning in SL frameworks. Particularly, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guangsheng Yu , Yanna Jiang , Qin Wang , Xu Wang , Baihe Ma , Caijun Sun , Wei Ni , Ren Ping Liu

Privacy-preserving machine learning has become a key conundrum for multi-party artificial intelligence. Federated learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) are two frameworks that enable collaborative learning while keeping the data private (on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Frédéric Berdoz , Abhishek Singh , Martin Jaggi , Ramesh Raskar

Split Learning (SL) offers a framework for collaborative model training that respects data privacy by allowing participants to share the same dataset while maintaining distinct feature sets. However, SL is susceptible to backdoor attacks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zhihao Dou , Dongfei Cui , Weida Wang , Anjun Gao , Yueyang Quan , Mengyao Ma , Viet Vo , Guangdong Bai , Zhuqing Liu , Minghong Fang

Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two popular distributed machine learning approaches. Both follow a model-to-data scenario; clients train and test machine learning models without sharing raw data. SL provides better model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Chandra Thapa , M. A. P. Chamikara , Seyit Camtepe , Lichao Sun

Everyday, large amounts of sensitive data is distributed across mobile phones, wearable devices, and other sensors. Traditionally, these enormous datasets have been processed on a single system, with complex models being trained to make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Zongshun Zhang , Andrea Pinto , Valeria Turina , Flavio Esposito , Ibrahim Matta

Split learning is a distributed training framework that allows multiple parties to jointly train a machine learning model over vertically partitioned data (partitioned by attributes). The idea is that only intermediate computation results,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Xin Yang , Jiankai Sun , Yuanshun Yao , Junyuan Xie , Chong Wang

In this paper, we address the problem of privacy-preserving distributed learning and the evaluation of machine-learning models by analyzing it in the widespread MapReduce abstraction that we extend with privacy constraints. We design…

Accurate load forecasting is crucial for energy management, infrastructure planning, and demand-supply balancing. Smart meter data availability has led to the demand for sensor-based load forecasting. Conventional ML allows training a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Asif Iqbal , Prosanta Gope , Biplab Sikdar

Training deep neural networks often forces users to work in a distributed or outsourced setting, accompanied with privacy concerns. Split learning aims to address this concern by distributing the model among a client and a server. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Ege Erdogan , Alptekin Kupcu , A. Ercument Cicek

Recent advancements in pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have significantly influenced various domains. Adapting these models for specific tasks often involves fine-tuning (FT) with private, domain-specific data. However, privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Guanzhong Chen , Zhenghan Qin , Mingxin Yang , Yajie Zhou , Tao Fan , Tianyu Du , Zenglin Xu

Split Federated Learning (SFL) has emerged as an efficient alternative to traditional Federated Learning (FL) by reducing client-side computation through model partitioning. However, exchanging of intermediate activations and model updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Xingchen Wang , Feijie Wu , Chenglin Miao , Tianchun Li , Haoyu Hu , Qiming Cao , Jing Gao , Lu Su

Split Learning (SL) and Federated Learning (FL) are two prominent distributed collaborative learning techniques that maintain data privacy by allowing clients to never share their private data with other clients and servers, and fined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Momin Ahmad Khan , Virat Shejwalkar , Amir Houmansadr , Fatima Muhammad Anwar

Split learning enables collaborative deep learning model training while preserving data privacy and model security by avoiding direct sharing of raw data and model details (i.e., sever and clients only hold partial sub-networks and exchange…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Mingyuan Fan , Cen Chen , Chengyu Wang , Wenmeng Zhou , Jun Huang

Distributed deep learning frameworks such as split learning provide great benefits with regards to the computational cost of training deep neural networks and the privacy-aware utilization of the collective data of a group of data-holders.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Ege Erdogan , Alptekin Kupcu , A. Ercument Cicek

A new collaborative learning, called split learning, was recently introduced, aiming to protect user data privacy without revealing raw input data to a server. It collaboratively runs a deep neural network model where the model is split…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Sharif Abuadbba , Kyuyeon Kim , Minki Kim , Chandra Thapa , Seyit A. Camtepe , Yansong Gao , Hyoungshick Kim , Surya Nepal

Federated Learning (FL) enables multiple clients to train a collaborative model without sharing their local data. Split Learning (SL) allows a model to be trained in a split manner across different locations. Split-Federated (SplitFed)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Chamani Shiranthika , Hadi Hadizadeh , Parvaneh Saeedi , Ivan V. Bajić

Federated Learning (FL) emerged as a learning method to enable the server to train models over data distributed among various clients. These clients are protective about their data being leaked to the server, any other client, or an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Uday Bhaskar , Varul Srivastava , Avyukta Manjunatha Vummintala , Naresh Manwani , Sujit Gujar

Split Learning (SL) is a distributed learning approach that enables resource-constrained clients to collaboratively train deep neural networks (DNNs) by offloading most layers to a central server while keeping in- and output layers on the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Nojan Sheybani , Alessandro Pegoraro , Jonathan Knauer , Phillip Rieger , Elissa Mollakuqe , Farinaz Koushanfar , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

Split learning and differential privacy are technologies with growing potential to help with privacy-compliant advanced analytics on distributed datasets. Attacks against split learning are an important evaluation tool and have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Grzegorz Gawron , Philip Stubbings