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In two-player zero-sum games, if both players minimize their average external regret, then the average of the strategy profiles converges to a Nash equilibrium. For n-player general-sum games, however, theoretical guarantees for regret…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-05-02 Richard Gibson

Monte-Carlo counterfactual regret minimization (MCCFR) is the state-of-the-art algorithm for solving sequential games that are too large for full tree traversals. It works by using gradient estimates that can be computed via sampling.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

In this work, we introduce the concept of non-negative weighted regret, an extension of non-negative regret \cite{anagnostides2022last} in games. Investigating games with non-negative weighted regret helps us to understand games with…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Nanxiang Zhou , Jing Dong , Baoxiang Wang

Regret minimization is a powerful tool for solving large-scale extensive-form games. State-of-the-art methods rely on minimizing regret locally at each decision point. In this work we derive a new framework for regret minimization on…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

We study the performance of optimistic regret-minimization algorithms for both minimizing regret in, and computing Nash equilibria of, zero-sum extensive-form games. In order to apply these algorithms to extensive-form games, a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Tuomas Sandholm

The paper is concerned with distributed learning and optimization in large-scale settings. The well-known Fictitious Play (FP) algorithm has been shown to achieve Nash equilibrium learning in certain classes of multi-agent games. However,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-06-16 B. Swenson , S. Kar , J. Xavier

A considerable chasm has been looming for decades between theory and practice in zero-sum game solving through first-order methods. Although a convergence rate of $T^{-1}$ has long been established, the most effective paradigm in practice…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Brian Hu Zhang , Ioannis Anagnostides , Tuomas Sandholm

Artificial intelligence (AI) has surpassed top human players in a variety of games. In imperfect information games, these achievements have primarily been driven by Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) and its variants for computing…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Qi Ju , Thomas Tellier , Meng Sun , Zhemei Fang , Yunfeng Luo

Counterfactual Regret Minimization and variants (e.g. Public Chance Sampling CFR and Pure CFR) have been known as the best approaches for creating approximate Nash equilibrium solutions for imperfect information games such as poker. This…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-21 Oskari Tammelin

In recent years, empirical game-theoretic analysis (EGTA) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing games in which an exact specification of the utilities is unavailable. Instead, EGTA assumes access to an oracle, i.e., a simulator,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Bhaskar Mishra , Cyrus Cousins , Amy Greenwald

This article discusses two contributions to decision-making in complex partially observable stochastic games. First, we apply two state-of-the-art search techniques that use Monte-Carlo sampling to the task of approximating a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-01-21 Marc Ponsen , Steven de Jong , Marc Lanctot

Learning and equilibrium computation in games are fundamental problems across computer science and economics, with applications ranging from politics to machine learning. Much of the work in this area revolves around a simple algorithm…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Daniel Beaglehole , Max Hopkins , Daniel Kane , Sihan Liu , Shachar Lovett

In game-theoretic learning, several agents are simultaneously following their individual interests, so the environment is non-stationary from each player's perspective. In this context, the performance of a learning algorithm is often…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Yu-Guan Hsieh , Kimon Antonakopoulos , Panayotis Mertikopoulos

Counterfactual regret minimization (CFR) is a family of iterative algorithms that are the most popular and, in practice, fastest approach to approximately solving large imperfect-information games. In this paper we introduce novel CFR…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Noam Brown , Tuomas Sandholm

No-regret learning has been widely used to compute a Nash equilibrium in two-person zero-sum games. However, there is still a lack of regret analysis for network stochastic zero-sum games, where players competing in two subnetworks only…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Shijie Huang , Jinlong Lei , Yiguang Hong

The CFR framework has been a powerful tool for solving large-scale extensive-form games in practice. However, the theoretical rate at which past CFR-based algorithms converge to the Nash equilibrium is on the order of $O(T^{-1/2})$, where…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Gabriele Farina , Christian Kroer , Noam Brown , Tuomas Sandholm

Regret minimization is a powerful method for finding Nash equilibria in Normal-Form Games (NFGs) and Extensive-Form Games (EFGs), but it typically guarantees convergence only for the average strategy. However, computing the average strategy…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Hang Ren , Yulin Wu , Shuhan Qi , Jiajia Zhang , Xiaozhen Sun , Tianzi Ma , Xuan Wang

Regret matching (RM) -- and its modern variants -- is a foundational online algorithm that has been at the heart of many AI breakthrough results in solving benchmark zero-sum games, such as poker. Yet, surprisingly little is known so far in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ioannis Anagnostides , Emanuel Tewolde , Brian Hu Zhang , Ioannis Panageas , Vincent Conitzer , Tuomas Sandholm

Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) and its variants are widely recognized as effective algorithms for solving extensive-form imperfect information games. Recently, many improvements have been focused on enhancing the convergence speed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Ju Qi , Falin Hei , Ting Feng , Dengbing Yi , Zhemei Fang , Yunfeng Luo

Designing efficient algorithms to compute Nash equilibria poses considerable challenges in Algorithmic Game Theory and Optimization. In this work, we employ integer programming techniques to compute Nash equilibria in Integer Programming…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-16 Gabriele Dragotto , Rosario Scatamacchia