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Background/Context. The use of automated driving systems (ADSs) in the real world requires rigorous testing to ensure safety. To increase trust, ADSs should be tested on a large set of diverse road scenarios. Literature suggests that if a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Stefan Klikovits , Vincenzo Riccio , Ezequiel Castellano , Ahmet Cetinkaya , Alessio Gambi , Paolo Arcaini

While Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have established the fundamentals of DNN-based autonomous driving systems, they may exhibit erroneous behaviors and cause fatal accidents. To resolve the safety issues of autonomous driving systems, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-03-08 Mengshi Zhang , Yuqun Zhang , Lingming Zhang , Cong Liu , Sarfraz Khurshid

Stress testing is an approach for evaluating the reliability of systems under extreme conditions which help reveal vulnerable scenarios that standard testing may overlook. Identifying such scenarios is of great importance in autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Linh Trinh , Quang-Hung Luu , Thai M. Nguyen , Hai L. Vu

As Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) progress towards commercial deployment, there is an increasing focus on ensuring their safety and reliability. While considerable research has been conducted on testing methods for detecting faults in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Nathan Shaw , Sanjeetha Pennada , Robert M Hierons , Donghwan Shin

Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) have seen rapid progress in recent years. To ensure the safety and reliability of these systems, extensive testings are being conducted before their future mass deployment. Testing the system on the road is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Ziyuan Zhong , Yun Tang , Yuan Zhou , Vania de Oliveira Neves , Yang Liu , Baishakhi Ray

Autonomous systems, such as autonomous driving systems, evolve rapidly through frequent updates, risking unintended behavioral degradations. Effective system-level testing is challenging due to the vast scenario space, the absence of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Hossein Yousefizadeh , Shenghui Gu , Lionel C. Briand , Ali Nasr

Recent advances in deep neural networks (DNNs) have led to object detectors that can rapidly process pictures or videos, and recognize the objects that they contain. Despite the promising progress by industrial manufacturers such as Amazon…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Shuai Wang , Zhendong Su

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) use complex decision-making (DM) models with multimodal sensory inputs, making rigorous validation and verification (V&V) essential for safety and reliability. These models pose challenges in diagnosing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Halit Eris , Stefan Wagner

The rapid development of artificial intelligence, especially deep learning technology, has advanced autonomous driving systems (ADSs) by providing precise control decisions to counterpart almost any driving event, spanning from anti-fatigue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Yao Deng , Tiehua Zhang , Guannan Lou , Xi Zheng , Jiong Jin , Qing-Long Han

The paper proposes a method for the correct by design coordination of autonomous driving systems (ADS). It builds on previous results on collision avoidance policies and the modeling of ADS by combining descriptions of their static…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Marius Bozga , Joseph Sifakis

Virtual testing of automated driving systems (ADS) has become an essential part of testing procedures for all automation levels. As ADS from automation level 3 and up are very complex, virtual testing for such systems is inevitable. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Demin Nalic , Aleksa Pandurevic , Arno Eichberger , Branko Rogic

Automated Driving Systems (ADS) hold great potential to increase safety, mobility, and equity. However, without public acceptance, none of these promises can be fulfilled. To engender public trust, many entities in the ADS community…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Scott Schnelle , Francesca M. Favaro

Unsupervised machine learning is the training of an artificial intelligence system using information that is neither classified nor labeled, with a view to modeling the underlying structure or distribution in a dataset. Since unsupervised…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Xiaoyuan Xie , Zhiyi Zhang , Tsong Yueh Chen , Yang Liu , Pak-Lok Poon , Baowen Xu

Automated driving systems (ADSs) promise a safe, comfortable and efficient driving experience. However, fatalities involving vehicles equipped with ADSs are on the rise. The full potential of ADSs cannot be realized unless the robustness of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Ekim Yurtsever , Jacob Lambert , Alexander Carballo , Kazuya Takeda

Developing and fielding complex systems requires proof that they are reliably correct with respect to their design and operating requirements. Especially for autonomous systems which exhibit unanticipated emergent behavior, fully…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Matthew Litton , Doron Drusinsky , James Bret Michael

We present a practical verification method for safety analysis of the autonomous driving system (ADS). The main idea is to build a surrogate model that quantitatively depicts the behaviour of an ADS in the specified traffic scenario. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Renjue Li , Tianhang Qin , Pengfei Yang , Cheng-Chao Huang , Youcheng Sun , Lijun Zhang

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving Systems (ADS) are expected to improve comfort, productivity and, most importantly, safety for all road users. To ensure that the systems are safe, rules and regulations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Pierluigi Olleja , Gustav Markkula , Jonas Bärgman

In this paper, a synergistic combination of deep reinforcement learning and hierarchical game theory is proposed as a modeling framework for behavioral predictions of drivers in highway driving scenarios. The need for a modeling framework…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Berat Mert Albaba , Yildiray Yildiz

Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) have been thriving and widely deployed in recent years. In general, these systems receive sensor data, compute driving decisions, and output control signals to the vehicles. To smooth out the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Ziyuan Zhong , Zhisheng Hu , Shengjian Guo , Xinyang Zhang , Zhenyu Zhong , Baishakhi Ray

Despite extensive research, the testing of autonomous driving systems (ADS) landscape remains fragmented, and there is currently no basis for an informed technical assessment of the importance and contribution of the current state of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang