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Self-supervised learning (SSL) has empirically shown its data representation learnability in many downstream tasks. There are only a few theoretical works on data representation learnability, and many of those focus on final data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Ruofeng Yang , Xiangyuan Li , Bo Jiang , Shuai Li

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an effective method for exploiting unlabelled data to learn a high-level embedding space that can be used for various downstream tasks. However, existing methods to monitor the quality of the encoder --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Isaac Xu , Scott Lowe , Thomas Trappenberg

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a scalable way to learn general visual representations since it learns without labels. However, large-scale unlabeled datasets in the wild often have long-tailed label distributions, where we know little…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Hong Liu , Jeff Z. HaoChen , Adrien Gaidon , Tengyu Ma

Contrastive learning (CL) has recently emerged as an alternative to traditional supervised machine learning solutions by enabling rich representations from unstructured and unlabeled data. However, CL and, more broadly, self-supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Roberto Pereira , Fernanda Famá , Asal Rangrazi , Marco Miozzo , Charalampos Kalalas , Paolo Dini

Self-supervised learning (SSL) methods via joint embedding architectures have proven remarkably effective at capturing semantically rich representations with strong clustering properties, magically in the absence of label supervision.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Xi Weng , Jianing An , Xudong Ma , Binhang Qi , Jie Luo , Xi Yang , Jin Song Dong , Lei Huang

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has recently shown notable success in various visual tasks. However, in terms of discriminability, SSL is still not on par with supervised learning (SL). This paper identifies a key issue, the ``crowding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zeen Song , Wenwen Qiang , Changwen Zheng , Fuchun Sun , Hui Xiong

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a powerful tool in machine learning, but understanding the learned representations and their underlying mechanisms remains a challenge. This paper presents an in-depth empirical analysis of SSL-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Ido Ben-Shaul , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Tomer Galanti , Shai Dekel , Yann LeCun

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) is a paradigm that leverages unlabeled data for model training. Empirical studies show that SSL can achieve promising performance in distribution shift scenarios, where the downstream and training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Xuyang Zhao , Tianqi Du , Yisen Wang , Jun Yao , Weiran Huang

Recent advancements in self-supervised learning (SSL) made it possible to learn generalizable visual representations from unlabeled data. The performance of Deep Learning models fine-tuned on pretrained SSL representations is on par with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Atharva Tendle , Mohammad Rashedul Hasan

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has shown impressive results in downstream classification tasks. However, there is limited work in understanding their failure modes and interpreting their learned representations. In this paper, we study the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Neha Kalibhat , Kanika Narang , Hamed Firooz , Maziar Sanjabi , Soheil Feizi

Self-supervised learning (SSL) conventionally relies on the instance consistency paradigm, assuming that different views of the same image can be treated as positive pairs. However, this assumption breaks down for non-iconic data, where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Huaiyuan Qin , Muli Yang , Siyuan Hu , Peng Hu , Yu Zhang , Chen Gong , Hongyuan Zhu

Most Neural Networks (NNs) for classification are trained using Cross-Entropy as a loss function. This approach requires the model to have an explicit classification layer. However, there exist alternative approaches, such as Contrastive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Leonardo Arrighi , Julia Eva Belloni , Aurélie Gallet , Ivan Gentile , Matteo Lippi , Marco Zullich

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has demonstrated its effectiveness in learning representations through comparison methods that align with human intuition. However, mainstream SSL methods heavily rely on high body datasets with single label,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jiale Chen

Self-supervised learning has gained significant attention in contemporary applications, particularly due to the scarcity of labeled data. While existing SSL methodologies primarily address feature variance and linear correlations, they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 M. Hadi Sepanj , Benyamin Ghojogh , Paul Fieguth

Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) methods harness the concept of semantic invariance by utilizing data augmentation strategies to produce similar representations for different deformations of the same input. Essentially, the model captures the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Huijie Guo , Ying Ba , Jie Hu , Lingyu Si , Wenwen Qiang , Lei Shi

In recent years, self-supervised learning (SSL) frameworks have been extensively applied to sensor-based Human Activity Recognition (HAR) in order to learn deep representations without data annotations. While SSL frameworks reach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Bulat Khaertdinov , Stylianos Asteriadis

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides a powerful framework for leveraging unlabeled data when labels are limited or expensive to obtain. SSL algorithms based on deep neural networks have recently proven successful on standard benchmark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Jiaxing Wang , Yin Zheng , Xiaoshuang Chen , Junzhou Huang , Jian Cheng

Decentralized learning has been advocated and widely deployed to make efficient use of distributed datasets, with an extensive focus on supervised learning (SL) problems. Unfortunately, the majority of real-world data are unlabeled and can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Lirui Wang , Kaiqing Zhang , Yunzhu Li , Yonglong Tian , Russ Tedrake

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a machine learning approach where the data itself provides supervision, eliminating the need for external labels. The model is forced to learn about the data structure or context by solving a pretext task.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Markus Marks , Manuel Knott , Neehar Kondapaneni , Elijah Cole , Thijs Defraeye , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Pietro Perona

Despite the empirical successes of self-supervised learning (SSL) methods, it is unclear what characteristics of their representations lead to high downstream accuracies. In this work, we characterize properties that SSL representations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Yann Dubois , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Stefano Ermon , Percy Liang
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